Economy and Identity at Tiwanaku Settlements in the Osmore Valley, Southern Peru: Zooarchaeology and Bone Chemistry

秘鲁南部奥斯莫尔谷蒂亚瓦纳科定居点的经济和身份：动物考古学和骨骼化学

• 批准号: 1152520
• 负责人: Susan deFrance
• 金额: $ 8.98万
• 依托单位: University of Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-03-01 至 2017-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1152520&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Economy; Identity; Tiwanaku; Settlements; Osmore

With support from the National Science Foundation Dr. Susan deFrance and colleagues will conduct laboratory zooarchaeological and bone chemistry analyses of animal remains from several Tiwanaku sites located in southern Peru. The Tiwanaku, one of the early imperial states of the Central Andean region, flourished from roughly A. D. 600-1100. The homeland of Tiwanaku culture is the highlands of Bolivia, southeast of Lake Titicaca. In these high plains the Tiwanaku built a massive capital characterized by sunken temples, monumental stone architecture, and elaborately engineered raised agricultural fields. The Tiwanaku also reared domesticated llamas and alpacas, the only large mammals domesticated in the New World. Sometime early in their history, Tiwanaku colonists immigrated to other regions. A large contingent of Tiwanaku colonists settled along the Osmore River in southern Peru near the modern city of Moquegua. Previous excavations have revealed that Tiwanaku settlers commandeered the best agricultural land and that they established corrals for their domesticated animals. A working hypothesis is that settlement occurred in two waves by two distinct extended lineages, each with their own economic specialization: agriculture versus pastoralism. Important questions remain about the degree to which Tiwanaku inhabitants in this periphery were under direct political control by their highland capital or as autonomous colonies. Animal rearing and the production of animal products (e.g., fiber for textiles, meat, bone for tools) are hypothesized to have been locally autonomous and not used to support the highland capital. The analysis of animal remains from sites affiliated with each lineage will be used to help support or refute the model of lineage autonomous colonization and economic specialization (pastoralists versus agriculturalists). The analysis will consist of the creation of two types of data sets. One will be the zooarchaeological identification of the animals present at the various sites. DeFrance will work with graduate students and undergraduate students using facilities of the Contisuyo Museum in Moquegua to identify the animal remains. Differences in the animals present, the parts of the carcass, how they were butchered, and how and where they were discarded will be used to determine if the colonies were locally autonomous as is hypothesized, or if parts of animals were shipped to other areas to support the state. The other data set will be an analysis of bone chemistry isotopic signatures from a sample of the camelid (llama and alpaca) remains to determine at what elevation these animals were reared and if ritually-sacrificed camelids were fed special foods that differed from non-ritual animals. A specialist in bone chemistry, Erin Thornton, will conduct the bone chemistry analysis. The information that will be generated from this project is important because it will help archaeologists and anthropologists understand how ancient imperial states, such as the Tiwanaku, functioned, colonized distant regions, and the economic and ritual activities that they undertook to maintain their identity. The research team will work with the Contisuyo Museum to include long-term and temporary exhibits on animal use thus providing a public dimension to zooarchaeology.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，Susan deFrance博士及其同事将对秘鲁南部几个蒂瓦纳库遗址的动物遗骸进行实验室动物考古学和骨骼化学分析。蒂瓦纳库（Tiwanaku）是安第斯中部地区早期的帝国之一，大约在公元600年至1100年间繁荣昌盛。蒂瓦纳库文化的故乡是玻利维亚的高地，位于的的喀喀湖东南。在这些高平原上，蒂瓦纳库人建造了一个巨大的首都，其特点是凹陷的寺庙、巨大的石头建筑和精心设计的凸起的农田。蒂瓦纳库人还驯养了大羊驼和羊驼，这是新大陆唯一驯养的大型哺乳动物。在他们历史的早期，蒂瓦纳库殖民者移民到其他地区。一大批蒂瓦纳库殖民者在秘鲁南部靠近现代城市莫克瓜的奥斯莫尔河沿岸定居。先前的发掘表明，蒂瓦纳库定居者征用了最好的农业用地，并为他们的家畜建立了畜栏。一个可行的假设是，定居发生在两个不同的扩展谱系的两个浪潮中，每个都有自己的经济专业化：农业与畜牧业。重要的问题仍然是，蒂瓦纳库周边地区的居民在多大程度上受到高地首都的直接政治控制，或者作为自治殖民地。据推测，动物饲养和动物产品的生产（例如，纺织纤维、肉类、工具用骨头）是当地自治的，而不是用来支持高地资本的。对与每个谱系相关的遗址的动物遗骸的分析将用于帮助支持或反驳谱系自主殖民化和经济专业化模型（牧民与农学家）。分析将包括创建两种类型的数据集。其中之一是对各个遗址中存在的动物进行动物考古学鉴定。德弗朗斯将与研究生和本科生合作，利用莫克瓜的康迪苏约博物馆的设施来识别动物遗骸。现存动物之间的差异，尸体的部分，它们是如何被屠宰的，以及它们是如何和在哪里被丢弃的，将被用来确定这些殖民地是像假设的那样在当地自治，还是部分动物被运往其他地区以支持国家。另一组数据将是对骆驼（美洲驼和羊驼）遗骸样本的骨骼化学同位素特征进行分析，以确定这些动物被饲养在什么海拔高度，以及祭祀的骆驼是否被喂食与非祭祀动物不同的特殊食物。骨骼化学专家艾琳·桑顿（Erin Thornton）将进行骨骼化学分析。这个项目将产生的信息很重要，因为它将帮助考古学家和人类学家了解古代帝国国家，如蒂瓦纳库，是如何运作的，殖民遥远的地区，以及他们为保持自己的身份而进行的经济和仪式活动。研究小组将与康斯苏约博物馆合作，包括动物使用的长期和临时展览，从而为动物考古学提供一个公共维度。