Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Material Culture of Conversion: Early Franciscan Religious Sites at Tula de Allende, Hidalgo

博士论文改进补助金：皈依的物质文化：伊达尔戈州图拉德阿连德的早期方济各会宗教遗址

• 批准号: 1156359
• 负责人: Enrique Rodriguez-Alegria
• 金额: $ 1.99万
• 依托单位: University of Texas at Austin
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-02-01 至 2014-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1156359&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Material

Though religion is a crucial aspect of identity for most of the world's population and has played a major role in most historical conflicts and conquests throughout history, archaeological research and theory has not adequately considered religion's role in remaking social worlds. A material-cultural perspective on this topic could augment or challenge understandings of religious change, just as historical archaeology has challenged standard narratives of history. To that end, this dissertation project focuses on religious identity and agency within the unequal power structures of the early colonial period in central Mexico. The research focuses on two early Franciscan sites in Tula de Allende, Hidalgo (Mexico): a chapel constructed in 1530 A.D. (at which researchers recently excavated the remains of forty-five individuals) and a cathedral constructed in 1550 A.D. Though built within two decades of one another, the chapel and the cathedral exhibit strikingly different architectural styles, modes of access, relationship to the urban landscape, and may reveal very different artifact assemblages. Under the direction of Dr. Enrique Rodriguez-Alegría, Shannon Dugan Iverson will employ a detailed geodatabase; fine-grained architectural, bioarchaeological, and artifactual analysis; and archival research in order to observe the ways that religious identities were renegotiated over time.Spanish conquistadors justified the conquest of the New World because it entailed the conversion of "pagans" to Christianity. In 1524, twelve Franciscan friars arrived in Central Mexico in the first wave of an ambitious conversion program that would eventually spread throughout New Spain. Secondary historical and linguistic models of Indigenous responses to this program have tended to vary along a spectrum ranging from "accommodation" to "conflict," terms that refer to the intentions, actions, and misunderstandings of both the mendicant and Indigenous communities. The goals of this project are to expand upon and challenge these models by using material culture and landscape studies as additional sources of knowledge about the negotiation of religious identity, to expand the notion of "religious" material culture, and to apply an innovative theoretical framework that considers religion as an aspect of identity.Tula has been the site of nearly continuous religious and political importance in central Mexico since the Toltec period (circa 950-1150AD), and likely had important religious connotations for the Aztecs before the Spanish conquest (1428-1521 AD). Despite this rich history, no study focusing exclusively on the colonial period has been published to date. The research will therefore extend the history of a city that is considered by archaeologists, historians, and tourists alike to be one of the most important sites in Mexico's past and present. Iverson is committed to fostering collaboration with international and local researchers by sharing her results in publications in English and Spanish and by making her databases publicly accessible. Further, she will publicize the research by giving lectures and tours to students, congregants, and communities in Tula. These efforts will complicate notions of conversion practices for researchers and the general public alike. This award will also further Ms. Iverson's academic and intellectual development.

虽然宗教是世界上大多数人口身份的一个重要方面，并在历史上的大多数历史冲突和征服中发挥了重要作用，但考古学研究和理论并没有充分考虑宗教在重塑社会世界中的作用。 从物质文化的角度来看待这一问题，可以增强或挑战对宗教变革的理解，就像历史考古学挑战对历史的标准叙述一样。为此，本论文项目的重点是在墨西哥中部的早期殖民时期的不平等权力结构的宗教身份和机构。 研究重点是伊达尔戈州（墨西哥）图拉德阿连德的两个早期方济会遗址：建于公元1530年的小教堂（研究人员最近在那里挖掘了45个人的遗骸）和一座建于公元1550年的大教堂。虽然这座小教堂和大教堂是在20年内建造的，但它们的建筑风格、进入方式、与城市景观的关系，并可能揭示非常不同的人工制品组合。在恩里克·罗德里格斯-阿莱格里亚博士的指导下，香农·杜根·艾弗森将使用详细的地理数据库;精细的建筑、生物考古和人工制品分析;以及档案研究，以观察宗教身份随着时间的推移而重新谈判的方式。西班牙征服者为征服新世界辩护，因为它需要“异教徒”皈依基督教。 1524年，12名方济各会修士抵达墨西哥中部，这是一个雄心勃勃的皈依计划的第一波浪潮，最终将传遍新西班牙。 土著人对这一方案的反应的次要历史和语言模式往往沿着一个范围从“适应”到“冲突”不等，这些术语指的是乞讨者和土著社区的意图、行动和误解。 该项目的目标是通过使用物质文化和景观研究作为关于宗教身份谈判的额外知识来源，扩展和挑战这些模式，扩展“宗教”物质文化的概念，并应用一种创新的理论框架，将宗教视为身份的一个方面。图拉一直是墨西哥中部几乎连续的宗教和政治重要性的网站，因为托尔特克时期（约公元950- 1150年），并可能有重要的宗教内涵阿兹特克人之前，西班牙征服（公元1428-1521年）。尽管有着丰富的历史，但迄今为止还没有专门针对殖民时期的研究出版。 因此，这项研究将延长这座城市的历史，这座城市被考古学家、历史学家和游客认为是墨西哥过去和现在最重要的遗址之一。 艾弗森致力于通过在英语和西班牙语出版物中分享她的成果，并通过公开访问她的数据库，促进与国际和当地研究人员的合作。 此外，她将通过向图拉的学生、会众和社区讲课和图尔斯参观来宣传这项研究。 这些努力将使研究人员和普通公众的转换实践概念复杂化。该奖项也将进一步艾弗森女士的学术和智力发展。