Archaeological Research in Albania

阿尔巴尼亚的考古研究

• 批准号: 1217356
• 负责人: Michael Galaty
• 金额: $ 16.22万
• 依托单位: Millsaps College
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-06-15 至 2014-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1217356&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Archaeological; Research; Albania

The Projekti Arkeologjikë i Shkodrës (PASH), the Shkodër Archaeological Project, is a collaboration between Millsaps College in Jackson, Mississippi and the University of Tirana, Albania. Michael Galaty, the Principal investigator proposes to investigate the appearance of social inequality in northern Albania, a strategically important region located in the western Balkans along the Adriatic coast. The transition to social inequality in northern Albania was marked by the construction of nucleated, hill-top centers ("hill forts") and burial of elite individuals ("warrior chiefs") in mounds ("tumuli") at the start of the Early Bronze Age, about 3000 B.C. In order to understand better the transition to social inequality in Albania, and in Europe generally, the research team is conducting three years of interdisciplinary archaeological research focused on hill forts and burial mounds. The methods will allow the identification of the various factors that alone or in combination contributed to the dramatic changes in social organization in northern Albania that marked the Bronze Age. The team plans two seasons (2012 and 2013) of geological and archaeological survey and rescue excavation of tumulus burials, followed by excavation at a representative hill fort (2014).The study region encompasses the Shkodra Plain and surrounding hills, and is situated along the eastern shore of Shkodra Lake, the largest freshwater lake in the Balkans. Geological surveys will be conducted in order to date lake shore and river course changes, which can be correlated with shifts in settlement, as established through intensive archaeological survey. Archaeological survey, along with excavation of tumulus burials and a representative hill fort, will produce artifacts and human remains. These will be subjected to a battery of analytical tests, including radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating will allow determination of whether hill fort and tumulus construction occurred simultaneously or sequentially. The warrior chiefs buried in tumuli seem to have accessed multiple sources of power, ranging from violence and warfare to control of land, food, and trade. In addition, episodes of migration may have affected the course of events, bringing new blood and ideas at the start of and throughout the Bronze Age. Conflict and migration will be addressed through physical-anthropological assessment and strontium-isotope analysis of human bone remains and teeth from tumuli. Changes in economy and subsistence will be gauged through study of botanical and faunal remains and residue analysis of pottery. And the degree and direction of inter-regional interaction will be measured through the chemical characterization of clays and pottery.Recently, some archaeologists have suggested that elite institutions and social hierarchy spread north into Europe from the Near East via Greece in the later Bronze Age (2000-1000 B.C.). This project is designed to test this model. Time is of the essence, though. Hill forts and tumuli are being fast destroyed in Shkodër as the city expands northward. PASH also includes, therefore, a cultural-heritage educational program targeting landowners and farmers, and will instruct dozens of Albanian and American students in methods of archaeological reconnaissance and rescue excavation.

Shkodër考古学项目（PASH）是位于密西西比杰克逊的米尔萨普斯学院和阿尔巴尼亚地拉那大学之间的合作项目。 首席研究员Michael Galaty提议调查阿尔巴尼亚北方的社会不平等现象，这是一个位于亚得里亚海沿岸沿着巴尔干半岛西部的重要战略地区。 在阿尔巴尼亚北方，社会不平等的转变以建造有核的山顶中心为标志（“山陵”）和埋葬精英个人（“勇士酋长”）在土丘（“tumuli”）在青铜时代早期开始，大约公元前3000年。为了更好地理解阿尔巴尼亚社会不平等的过渡，以及整个欧洲，研究小组现正进行为期三年的跨学科考古研究，重点是山丘和土丘。 这些方法将允许识别各种因素，单独或结合起来，促成了显着变化的社会组织在北方阿尔巴尼亚，标志着青铜时代。 该团队计划在两个季节（2012年和2013年）进行地质和考古调查，并对古墓进行抢救性挖掘，然后在一个有代表性的山堡进行挖掘（2014年）。研究区域包括斯库台平原和周围的山丘，并位于沿着斯库台湖的东海岸，斯库台湖是巴尔干半岛最大的淡水湖。 将进行地质调查，以确定湖泊海岸和河道变化的日期，这些变化可以与密集的考古调查所确定的定居点的变化相关联。 考古调查，沿着古墓墓葬和一个有代表性的山堡的挖掘，将产生文物和人类遗骸。 这些将接受一系列分析测试，包括放射性碳年代测定。 放射性碳测年法将允许确定山堡和古墓的建造是同时发生的还是顺序发生的。 埋葬在古墓中的战士酋长似乎获得了多种权力来源，从暴力和战争到控制土地，食物和贸易。 此外，移民的插曲可能影响了事件的进程，在青铜时代开始和整个青铜时代带来了新的血液和思想。 冲突和移徙问题将通过物理人类学评估和对古墓中的人骨遗骸和牙齿进行锶同位素分析加以解决。 通过对植物和动物遗迹的研究以及对陶器的残留物分析，将衡量经济和生活的变化。 最近，一些考古学家提出，在青铜时代后期（公元前2000-1000年），精英制度和社会等级制度从近东经希腊向北传播到欧洲。 本项目旨在测试该模型。 不过，时间至关重要。 随着城市向北扩张，斯库台的山丘和古墓正在迅速被摧毁。 因此，PASH还包括一个针对地主和农民的文化遗产教育方案，并将向数十名阿尔巴尼亚和美国学生传授考古侦察和抢救性挖掘的方法。