Diversity in fossil decapod Crustacea based upon a unique species-level database

化石十足类甲壳动物的多样性基于一个独特的物种级数据库凯莉施韦策肯特州立大学十足类-虾，龙虾和螃蟹-是一个经济上重要的，多样化的动物群体，其地质历史可以追溯到4亿年前。现存的代表物种超过15，000种，分布于全球，在海洋和非海洋环境中几乎无处不在。它们对生态系统产生重大影响;了解它们的化石记录的动态将阐明它们对生态系统的历史影响。我们将测试的假设，十足类是排列在一系列离散的进化动物群;值得注意的是，大量的生活和化石十足类在不同的相互关联的群体反复利用四个基本的身体计划。其他有待验证的假设是，十足目动物在其整个历史中反复采用了有限数量的baupläne或广义架构;它们经历了爆炸性的进化辐射，随后是无法确定的变化时期;它们通常对大规模灭绝事件具有抵抗力。这些假设将使用由主要研究人员编制和评估的独特数据集进行测试：所有化石十足类物种的汇编，排列在包括化石和活类群的分类方案中，所有物种的地质和地理范围，包括十足类中许多亚组的系统发育（即“家谱”）。该数据集将扩展到包括每个分类群的生态数据，并将输入古生物学数据库，这是一个由NSF支持的分析化石记录的工具。采用它的方法，模式的多样性和宏观进化的十足类将产生从整个顺序到物种水平的水平。这将导致第一次对这一主要群体的宏观进化模式进行全面分析。从实地研究和已发表的记录中获得的现有古生态数据将用于确定各种环境因素，如海底条件、珊瑚礁发育、水深和温度对形态、灭绝生存和多样性的影响。由于十足类有一个显着的范围内的形态变异化石记录，十足类组的多样性可以评估其形态特征。定义具有专门形态学的分类群的历史将允许识别在整个进化枝的历史中被不同十足类组利用的身体计划。这项研究将提供迄今为止对十足目动物宏观进化的最全面的分析，所有这些都基于一个独特的数据集，该数据集由于完全由研究人员开发而具有内部一致性。它将记录的意义，采用高分辨率，物种一级的数据库的多样性的解释。本文的假设和结论将为进一步研究十足目、节肢动物门和严格限制类群的宏观进化提供一个模型和基础。它将测试PBDB数据与由专业系统学家评估的受限数据集相比的有效性。这项工作将介绍本科生在肯特州立大学斯塔克分校，本科校园，和肯特州立大学肯特，研究涉及古生态，古地理和功能形态元素，反过来，将传达给其他学生。由于十足目动物几乎为所有人所知，它们形成了一个很好的群体，可以用来向公众介绍古代的多样性模式以及生物形态之间的关系，它们对环境要求的变化，以及它们对不同物理条件的适应性。这将在一个专业建造的展览中传达，该展览有可能在全国各地的博物馆和大学展出。设计用于小学和中学的小工具包将提供给学生，让他们自己观察十足类动物对环境的适应及其对多样性的影响。在整个研究过程中，将准备发表的论文和在会议上介绍研究结果。由于现代生物多样性的研究是一般公众的关注，介绍给更广泛的观众，以及地质类将提供一个广泛的历史背景，了解现代的多样性模式。输入古生物学数据库和俄亥俄州数据资源共享区的数据将向其他研究人员和公众开放。合并后，数据库将确保档案储存和公众访问后，一个专有期。

Diversity in Fossil Decapod Crustacea Based Upon a Unique Species-Level DatabaseCarrie SchweitzerKent State UniversityThe Decapoda - shrimp, lobsters, and crabs - are an economically important, diverse group of animals whose geologic history extends back 400 million years. Living representatives, numbering over 15,000 species, are global in distribution and nearly ubiquitous in oceanic and non-oceanic environments. They exert a major impact on ecosystems; understanding the dynamics of their fossil record will illuminate their historical impact on ecosystems. We will test the hypothesis that decapods are arrayed in a series of discrete evolutionary faunas; remarkably, the vast array of living and fossil decapods in diverse interrelated groups have exploited four basic body plans repeatedly. Other hypotheses to be tested are that the Decapoda have repeatedly adopted a limited number of baupläne, or generalized architectures, throughout their history; that they have experienced explosive evolutionary radiations followed by periods of no determinable change; and that they are generally resistant to mass extinction events. These hypotheses will be tested using a unique dataset compiled and assessed by the Principle Investigators: a compilation of all fossil decapod species, arrayed in a classification scheme including fossil and living taxa, with geologic and geographic ranges of all species, including a phylogeny (i.e. "family tree") for many sub-groups within the Decapoda. The dataset will be expanded to include ecological data for each taxon and will be entered into the Paleobiology Database, an NSF-supported vehicle for analyzing the fossil record. Employing its methodology, patterns of diversity and macroevolution of the decapods will be generated at levels ranging from the entire Order to species level. This will result in a comprehensive analysis of macroevolutionary patterns of this major group for the first time. Available paleoecological data derived from field studies and published records will be used to determine the effects of various environmental factors such as seafloor conditions, reef development, water depth, and temperature on morphology, extinction survivorship, and diversity. Because decapods have a remarkable range of morphological variation preservable in the fossil record, the diversity of the groups of decapods can be assessed in relation to their morphological characteristics. Defining the history of taxa with specialized morphology will permit recognition of body plans that have been exploited by different decapod groups throughout the history of the clade.Intellectual merit. This study will provide the most comprehensive analysis of macroevolution of the Decapoda yet conducted, all based upon a unique dataset that is internally consistent by virtue of its having been developed entirely by the investigators. It will document the significance of employing a high resolution, species-level database for interpretation of diversity. The hypotheses and conclusions derived here will provide a model and the foundation for future work on Decapoda, Arthropoda, and macroevolution of well-constrained groups. It will provide a test for the efficacy of PBDB data versus a constrained dataset assessed by specialist systematists.Broader impacts. The work will introduce undergraduate students at Kent State at Stark, an undergraduate campus, and Kent State at Kent, to research that involves paleoecological, paleogeographical, and functional morphological elements which, in turn, will be communicated to other students. Because decapods are known to virtually everyone, they form an excellent group to use to inform the public about ancient patterns of diversity and the relationship between the morphology of organisms, variations in their environmental requirements, and their adaptability to different physical conditions. This will be conveyed in a professionally constructed display which has the potential to be exhibited in museums and universities around the country. Small kits designed for use in elementary and middle schools will be available to allow students to make their own observations about the adaptations of decapods to their environment and its effect on diversity. Published papers and presentations on results of research at meetings will be prepared throughout the course of the research. Because the study of modern biodiversity is a concern of the general public, presentations to broader audiences as well as geology classes will provide a broad historical context for understanding modern patterns of diversity. Data entered into Paleobiology Database and Ohio Data Resource Commons will be openly available to other researchers and the general public. Combined, the databases will assure archival storage and public access, following a proprietary period.