Green Accessibility: Measuring the Environmental Costs of Space-Time Prisms in Sustainable Transportation Planning

绿色可达性：衡量可持续交通规划中时空棱镜的环境成本

• 批准号: 1224102
• 负责人: Harvey Miller
• 金额: $ 47.48万
• 依托单位: University of Utah
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-09-01 至 2014-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1224102&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Green; Accessibility; Measuring; Environmental; Costs

This project focuses on estimating the environmental cost of transportation-based accessibility. Accessibility is a central concept in transportation science, planning, and engineering. Accessibility refers to an individual's potential mobility and interactivity within a given geographic setting using transportation and communications technologies. Transportation scientists, planners, and engineers have a well-developed theory and methodology for measuring transportation-based accessibility: the space-time prism (STP), which is the envelope of an individual's possible travel paths between two geographic locations given limits on available time and travel speeds. The STP measures how well a transportation system provides mobility options that connect people to places they might want to go. Scholars have not considered the environmental costs of this potential mobility, however. Estimating the resource cost of actual mobility involves monitoring the resource consumption and/or emissions of a vehicle as it moves through geographic space. Calculating the environmental costs of a STP is difficult, however, because there are many potential paths, but only one will actually occur. This research project will extend the STP to include the environmental costs of accessibility. The investigators will improve theoretical understanding of the STP by developing methods for estimating the distribution of potential paths within the prism interior. They will develop practical measures of expected mobility costs for prisms in both continuous space and transportation networks, and they will evaluate the expected cost measures using empirical mobility data. They will develop geographic information system (GIS) software for applying prism benefit/cost measures in transportation planning and project evaluation, including a usability evaluation involving practicing transportation planners. Finally, they will create a framework for deploying STP cost/benefit measures in federally mandated transportation planning documents.This project will substantially advance scientific knowledge about human accessibility, a fundamental concept in transportation science, planning, and engineering as well as in other social and behavioral sciences. This interdisciplinary project will link fundamental concepts in the human sciences (accessibility) and physical science and engineering (resource consumption and waste emissions) with modern transportation planning practice, creating new transdisciplinary opportunities. Graduate and undergraduate students from geography, urban planning, and transportation engineering will be engaged in research that is relevant to basic scientific understanding as well as to a critical, real-world problem. The project will have potentially transformative effects on transportation as well as urban and sustainability science and planning. The extension of accessibility theory to environmental science will challenge the assumption in transportation science and planning that greater accessibility is a generally unmitigated benefit to individuals and society, thereby helping generate more nuanced and sophisticated approaches to the analysis, planning, and management of complex human-physical systems like transportation and cities.

这个项目的重点是估算基于交通的可达性的环境成本。可达性是交通科学、规划和工程的核心概念。可达性是指个人在特定地理环境中使用交通和通信技术的潜在移动性和互动性。交通科学家、规划人员和工程师有一种完善的理论和方法来测量基于交通的可达性：时空棱镜（STP），它是在给定可用时间和行驶速度的限制下，个人在两个地理位置之间可能的旅行路径的包络线。STP衡量的是交通系统提供的将人们连接到他们可能想去的地方的移动选择的好坏。然而，学者们并没有考虑到这种潜在流动性的环境成本。估算实际移动的资源成本包括监测车辆在地理空间中移动时的资源消耗和/或排放。然而，计算STP的环境成本是困难的，因为有许多潜在的路径，但实际上只有一个会发生。这个研究项目将扩展STP，以包括可达性的环境成本。研究人员将通过开发估计棱镜内部潜在路径分布的方法来提高对STP的理论理解。他们将为连续空间和交通网络中的棱镜制定预期移动成本的实际措施，并将使用经验移动数据评估预期成本措施。他们将开发地理信息系统（GIS）软件，用于在交通规划和项目评估中应用prism效益/成本措施，包括涉及实践交通规划人员的可用性评估。最后，他们将创建一个框架，在联邦政府授权的交通规划文件中部署STP成本/效益措施。该项目将极大地推进人类可达性的科学知识，这是交通科学、规划和工程以及其他社会和行为科学的基本概念。这个跨学科项目将把人文科学（可达性）、物理科学和工程（资源消耗和废物排放）的基本概念与现代交通规划实践联系起来，创造新的跨学科机会。地理、城市规划和交通工程专业的研究生和本科生将从事与基础科学理解以及关键的现实问题相关的研究。该项目将对交通以及城市和可持续性科学和规划产生潜在的变革性影响。可达性理论在环境科学中的延伸将挑战交通科学和规划中的假设，即更大的可达性通常对个人和社会都有绝对的好处，从而有助于产生更细致和复杂的方法来分析、规划和管理复杂的人类-物理系统，如交通和城市。