Dissertation Research: Staple Economies and Social Integration in Northeast China: Regional Organization in Zhangwu, Liaoning, China

移动的牧民和定居的农民之间的互动长期以来一直是中国东北青铜时代（公元前2000-600年）社会和政治复杂性的讨论框架。在后来的时代，历史资料记载了中亚游牧民族和中国北方定居农民之间的动态互动对中国王朝治国方略的至关重要性。几千年前，在中国北方的有利地区，完全定居的农业生活已经建立起来，并促进了人口的大量增长。有人提出，在青铜器时代，一种以放牧绵羊、山羊、牛和马为基础的更移动的生活方式是对气候条件恶化的压力的回应。从这个角度来看，移动的放牧是在与定居农民密切相互依存的关系中发展起来的一种生计专业化。然而，移动的放牧出现的实际考古证据极其缺乏，因为之前的考古研究主要集中在农民定居的更有利的地区。在罗伯特·D·博士的指导下。Drennan，James威廉姆斯将在彰武地区进行一项区域定居研究，该地区是一个农业生产区，毗邻科尔沁桑迪的一部分。这些桑迪的水分和土壤状况，在青铜器时代鼓励了大面积草原的发展，专门的移动的牧民与南方的农民建立了互补的经济关系，可以非常有效地利用草原。185平方公里的考古实地调查将跨越生产性农田和科尔沁桑迪之间的边界，以了解这一生态分界线两侧青铜时代的生存和定居模式。该研究将把对石器使用磨损的分析提高到一个新的水平，以重建古代生存活动的区域模式。该项目还将产生超出其实质性研究问题的更广泛影响。作为论文研究，它将为威廉姆斯先生提供必要的培训。此次实地考察也将为匹兹堡大学、吉林大学等地的学生提供一个获得区域聚落调查实践经验的机会。对石器使用磨损的分析将培养学生在这个重要的实验室方法。研究结果将在同行评审的出版物中传播，完整的数据集将在网上公开提供。这项研究将建立在匹兹堡大学、辽宁考古研究所和吉林大学之间现有合作的基础上，并加强合作。它将与彰武县博物馆合作，努力记录该地区的文化遗产，并提高当地公众对当地遗产的欣赏以及考古遗迹科学调查的性质和价值。

The interaction between mobile herders and sedentary farmers has long framed the discussion of social and political complexity during the Bronze Age in Northeast China (2000-600 BC). For later times, historic sources document the vital importance to dynastic Chinese statecraft of dynamic interactions between the pastoral "nomads" of central Asia and the settled farmers of northern China. Fully sedentary agricultural living had been established thousands of years earlier in favorable locations in northern China and had fostered considerable population growth. It has been proposed that a more mobile way of life founded on herding sheep, goats, cattle, and horses emerged from this agricultural base as a response to stress from deteriorating climatic conditions during the Bronze Age. Mobile herding, in this perspective, developed as a subsistence specialization in a relationship of close interdependence with settled farmers. Actual archaeological evidence of the emergence of mobile herding is, however, extremely scanty because previous archaeological research has concentrated heavily on the more favorable zones settled by farmers.Under the guidance of Dr. Robert D. Drennan, James Williams will carry out a regional settlement study in the Zhangwu region, where an agriculturally productive area adjoins a portion of the Horqin Sandy Lands. These Sandy Lands present a moisture and soil regime that would have encouraged the development of extensive grasslands during the Bronze Age, grasslands that could have been very productively exploited by specialized mobile herders bound into a complementary economic relationship with farmers to the south. Archaeological field survey of 185 sq km will cut across the boundary between the productive farmland and the Horqin Sandy Lands to provide a view of Bronze Age subsistence and settlement patterns on both sides of this ecological divide. The research will bring to a new level the analysis of use wear on stone tools for reconstructing regional patterns of ancient subsistence activities.The project will also have broader impacts beyond its substantive research issues. As dissertation research, it will provide essential training for Mr. Williams. The fieldwork will also be an opportunity for students from the University of Pittsburgh, Jilin University, and elsewhere to gain practical field experience in regional settlement survey. Analysis of use wear on stone tools will train students in this important laboratory approach. Research results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and the complete dataset will be made publicly available online. The research will build upon and strengthen existing collaborations between the University of Pittsburgh, the Liaoning Institute of Archaeology, and Jilin University. It will cooperate with the Zhangwu County Museum's efforts to document the cultural heritage of the region and to enhance the local public's appreciation of local heritage and the nature and value of the scientific investigation of archaeological remains.