Access to Selective Colleges in the Pre- and Post-Grutter Eras among Racial, Ethnic, and Immigrant Groups

从20世纪90年代中期到21世纪头10年，名牌大学在招生中使用平权行动的能力发生了戏剧性的变化，原因是各州的禁令以及2003年格鲁特诉波林格案最高法院的裁决，该裁决澄清了如何使用平权行动。很少有研究比较两种平权行动背景下名牌大学入学的种族-民族和原籍差异。因此，调查人员审查四年制选择性院校、四年非选择性院校、历史上黑人学院和大学以及两年制院校的申请、入学和毕业情况。格劳特用时间来回答以下问题：1)黑人、白人、亚裔和拉丁裔学生申请、就读和毕业于不同类型大学的程度有多大？2)在大学去向和毕业方面的种族和原籍差异在多大程度上由SAT成绩和其他优秀指标来解释？3)种族差异在多大程度上是由种族--和其他优秀指标来解释的。由社会和经济背景特征解释的大学去向和毕业、SAT分数和其他优秀指标的种族和出生地差异？4)在大学去向和毕业后的不同时期，以及在禁止和不禁止平权行动的州之间，大学去向和毕业率的群体差异在全国范围内是如何变化的？调查人员将分析1988年全国教育纵向研究(NELS)和2002年教育纵向研究(ELS)的数据。NELS和ELS是由国家教育统计中心收集的全国性代表性调查，反映了在2003年最高法院案件之前和之后，1994年和2006年高中毕业生进入大学的人数。了解进入名牌大学的群体差异对于公众关注高等教育很重要，因为研究表明，名牌大学提供了比非名牌大学更多的优势(例如，更挑剔的课程，更高的毕业率，更好的职业前景)。

The ability of selective colleges to use affirmative action in admissions changeddramatically from the mid--1990s into the 2000s due to state bans and the 2003 Grutter v.Bollinger Supreme Court decision that clarified how affirmative action may be used.Little research has compared racial-‐ethnic and nativity differences in access to selective colleges across the twoaffirmative action contexts. Therefore, investigators examine application to, enrollment in, andgraduation from four--‐year selective institutions, four--‐year non--‐selective institutions, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and two--‐year institutions in the pre--‐ and post--‐Grutter time periods to answer the following questions: 1) To what extent do native and immigrant black, white, Asian, and Latino students apply to, attend, and graduate from different types of colleges? 2) To what extent are racial--‐ethnic and nativity differences in college destination and graduation explained by SAT scores and other indicators of merit? 3) To what extent are racial--‐ethnic and nativity differences in college destination and graduation, SAT scores, and other indicators of merit explained by social and economic background characteristics? 4) How do group differences in college destination and graduation vary nationally across the pre-‐ and post-‐Grutter time periods, and across states that banned and did not ban affirmative action? Investigators will analyze data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS) and the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS). NELS and ELS are nationally--‐representative surveys collected by the National Center for Education Statistics that reflect high school graduates' enrollments in college in 1994 and 2006, prior to and after the 2003 Supreme Court case.Understanding group differences in access to selective colleges is important to public concern about higher education because researchsuggests that selective colleges offer myriad advantages over non-­‐selective colleges (e.g., morerigorous courses, higher graduation rates, better career outcomes)