DAT: From bench to biosphere: a critical analysis of effective deployment and commercialization of clean energy technology

加快清洁能源技术的发明和应用是国家的一项重要优先事项。对这些挑战的认识促使最近增加了对清洁能源技术的专利申请和投资。然而，人们对这些技术如何进入市场以及如何执行提高其传播和应用速度的政策知之甚少。这项研究开发并描述了五种衡量标准之间的关系：未来的专利引用（广泛使用但远非专利影响的“黄金”标准）;网络搜索命中率和这些命中率的内容分析;清洁能源科学家的专家评估;对清洁能源发明者的调查;以及案例研究。智力优点：研究调查了五个关键问题：1。清洁能源技术的发展趋势是什么？按领域（生物燃料，地热，水力，太阳能，风能）组织（工业，政府实验室，大学，个人发明者）和地理（美国各州和国际）的发明来源。 2.突破的来源是什么？ 它们是如何以及为什么因领域而不同的？ 3.清洁能源技术如何从实验室推广到应用？ 瓶颈在哪里，可以做些什么来打破它们？ 4.政府资金如何影响这些进程？ 为什么资金在一个领域有效，而在另一个领域无效？5.为什么有些技术突破部署失败？该研究开发了一个全面的数据集来解决这些问题。 因此，它超越了对案例研究的历史依赖，这些案例研究虽然信息量很大，描述性很强，但仍然难以概括和量化。 它开发了关于科学，发明和部署过程的系统和完整的数据，以帮助了解最佳投资和投资组合管理的问题。更广泛的影响：长期以来，人们一直认为，对研究的投资极大地促进了技术进步，最终提高了经济生产力和生活水平。 该研究促进了公众对清洁能源的理解，并在此过程中，为专利技术所有领域的研究人员计算，表征和发布了一种新颖的基于网络的措施。 基于网络的衡量标准提供了一种自动化和普遍计算的衡量标准，超越了作为专利质量指标的专利引用的现行标准。

The acceleration of the invention and deployment of clean energy technologies is an important national priority. Awareness of these challenges has elicited a recent increase in patenting and investment in clean energy technologies. Yet, there is little understanding of how these technologies enter the market and how policies can be implemented that increase their rate of diffusion and application. This research develops and characterizes the relationships between five measures: future patent citations (a widely used though far from "golden" standard of patent impact); web search hits and content analyses of those hits; expert assessments from clean energy scientists; a survey of clean energy inventors; and case studies. Intellectual Merit: The research investigates five key questions: 1. What are the trends in clean energy technologies and sources of inventions by field (biofuels, geothermal, hydro, solar, wind) organization (industry, government lab, universities, individual inventor), and by geography (U.S. states and international). 2. What are the sources of breakthroughs? How and why do they differ by field? 3. How do clean energy technologies diffuse from lab to application? Where are the bottlenecks and what can be done to break them? 4. How does government funding influence these processes? Why is funding effective in one field and not another? 5. Why do some technical breakthroughs fail in deployment?The research develops a comprehensive dataset to address these questions. As such, it goes beyond the historical reliance on case studies, which while highly informative and richly descriptive, remain difficult to generalize and quantify. It develops a systematic and complete data on the science, invention, and deployment processes to help inform questions of optimal investment and portfolio management. Broader Impacts: It has long been received wisdom that investment in research greatly facilitates the technological progress that ultimately improves economic productivity and living standards. The research advances public understanding in the context of clean energy - and in the process, calculates, characterizes, and publishes a novel web-based measure for researchers in all fields of patented technology. The web-based measure provides an automated and universally calculated measure that goes beyond the current standard of patent citations as an indicator of patent quality.