Collaborative Research: DAT: From grant to commercialization: an integrated database which can trace, assess, and measure the impact of scientific funding

长期以来，对科学的投资极大地促进了技术进步，最终提高了经济生产力和生活水平，这已成为公认的智慧。不幸的是，支持这些论点的系统和定量证据仍然很少，而且成本很高。名字的模糊性使得这一点变得困难：不同的科学家可能共享相同的名字，相反，同一位科学家的名字可能在出版和专利数据库中或在不同的数据库中被列出。因此，科学家的合作网络仍然没有被确定，科学和技术之间的看门人也没有被系统地确定。智力价值：该项目开发了一个大型数据库，通过使用最先进的名称消歧算法识别论文和专利的作者，将Medline论文和美国专利联系起来。这些专利论文作者的链接反过来又使识别类似的组织，在某些情况下，识别科学/技术领域和地理。由此产生的数据库用于三个示例性分析，旨在：1)研究资助对科学和技术生产力的影响，2)确定科学和技术之间的看门人，并研究知识如何在这两个领域之间流动，以及3)了解协作、制度、组织和区域因素如何影响这些过程。更广泛的影响：结果数据库是公开可用的。这既使科学政策学者能够为投资建议提供系统和令人信服的证据，又使以人为本的科学-技术界面研究成为可能。

It has long been received wisdom that investment in science greatly facilitates the technological progress that ultimately improves economic productivity and living standards. Unfortunately, the systematic and quantitative evidence to support these arguments remains thin and expensive to produce. Name ambiguity makes this difficult: different scientists may share the same names, and conversely, the same scientist may have their name listed differently within or across publication and patent databases. As a consequence, the collaborative networks of scientists remain unidentified, and the gatekeepers between science and technology have not been systematically identified. Intellectual Merit: This project develops a large-scale database that links Medline papers and U.S. patents, through identification of individuals who authored both papers and patents using state-of-the-art name disambiguation algorithms. These patent-paper-author links in turn enable identification of similar organizations and in some cases, science/technology fields and geography. The resulting database is used in three exemplary analyses that aim to: 1) study the impact of grants upon science and technical productivity, 2) identify the gatekeepers between science and technology and study how knowledge flows between these two realms, and 3) understand how collaborative, institutional, organizational, and regional factors influence these processes. Broader Impact: The resulting database is publicly available. This both enables science policy scholars to develop systematic and convincing evidence for investment recommendations and enables person-centered research of the science-technology interface of numerous other kinds.