Collaborative Research: DAT: From grant to commercialization: an integrated database which can trace, assess, and measure the impact of scientific funding

长期以来，人们一直认为，对科学的投资极大地促进了技术进步，最终提高了经济生产力和生活水平。不幸的是，支持这些论点的系统和定量证据仍然薄弱，而且制作成本高昂。名字的模糊性使这一点变得困难：不同的科学家可能使用相同的名字，相反，同一个科学家的名字在出版物和专利数据库中的列出方式可能不同。因此，科学家的合作网络仍然没有得到确认，科学与技术之间的守门人也没有得到系统的确认。智力优势：该项目开发了一个大规模的数据库，通过使用最先进的名称消歧算法识别论文和专利作者的个人，将Medline论文和美国专利联系起来。这些专利-论文-作者的链接反过来又可以识别类似的组织，在某些情况下，还可以识别科学/技术领域和地理位置。由此产生的数据库用于三个示例性的分析，旨在：1）研究赠款对科学和技术生产力的影响，2）确定科学和技术之间的守门人，并研究这两个领域之间的知识流动，以及3）了解如何协作，机构，组织和区域因素影响这些过程。更广泛的影响：由此产生的数据库是公开的。这既使科学政策学者能够为投资建议提供系统和令人信服的证据，也使以人为本的研究能够对许多其他类型的科学技术界面进行研究。

It has long been received wisdom that investment in science greatly facilitates the technological progress that ultimately improves economic productivity and living standards. Unfortunately, the systematic and quantitative evidence to support these arguments remains thin and expensive to produce. Name ambiguity makes this difficult: different scientists may share the same names, and conversely, the same scientist may have their name listed differently within or across publication and patent databases. As a consequence, the collaborative networks of scientists remain unidentified, and the gatekeepers between science and technology have not been systematically identified. Intellectual Merit: This project develops a large-scale database that links Medline papers and U.S. patents, through identification of individuals who authored both papers and patents using state-of-the-art name disambiguation algorithms. These patent-paper-author links in turn enable identification of similar organizations and in some cases, science/technology fields and geography. The resulting database is used in three exemplary analyses that aim to: 1) study the impact of grants upon science and technical productivity, 2) identify the gatekeepers between science and technology and study how knowledge flows between these two realms, and 3) understand how collaborative, institutional, organizational, and regional factors influence these processes. Broader Impact: The resulting database is publicly available. This both enables science policy scholars to develop systematic and convincing evidence for investment recommendations and enables person-centered research of the science-technology interface of numerous other kinds.