Collaborative Research: The COnvective Precipitation Experiment- Microphysical and Entrainment Dependencies (COPE-MED)

对流降水实验-微物理学和卷吸作用（COPE-MED）研究的主要目标是调查直接作用的暖雨过程的强度变化以及通过Hallet-Mossop过程影响对流降雨的数量，强度和特征。 同样感兴趣的是积云夹带，影响其进展的因素，以及它如何改变暖雨和Hallet-Mossop过程的有效性。 COPE-MED研究包括：㈠收集独特数据集的实地活动; ㈡数据分析技术的新应用，旨在最大限度地利用数据;以及（iii）云的数值模拟，以补充数据分析和假设检验，并在数值模式中改进这些过程的表示。科普-MED实地活动是围绕遥感能力和怀俄明州国王航空研究飞机上的现场云物理仪器相结合而建立的。 这些能力将用于详细观测对流风暴发展初期的微物理和动力结构。COPE-MED将在更广泛的科普背景下进行-英国2013年6月至8月在英格兰西南部开展的主要实地活动。在这个地理位置上，较冷的云底，较低的水滴浓度和相对可预测的对流开始沿着辐合线提供了一个理想的机会，采样发展积云，因为他们从暖雨过程到冰过程的进展，以及夹带的影响，该进程。 遥感和现场飞机数据将与从科普UK研究飞机以及地面雷达，无线电探空仪，气溶胶仪器和地面雨量计收集的数据一起进行分析。 这些数据将结合高分辨率的三维云数值模拟进行分析，这些云可以代表不同的微物理路径和夹带的影响，COPE-MED的新贡献将包括利用红外衰减技术的发展，由雨滴发出的原位怀俄明州云雷达信号，作为暖雨过程强度的量度;分析从飞机上的一套微物理探测器收集的数据，设计后处理算法，以最大限度地增加信息，并最大限度地减少云中不同水相的量化模糊性;首次将双多普勒分析得到的云顶附近的流场与高分辨率云模拟得到的流场进行了直接比较，目的是研究卷吸特征并改进其在大涡模拟中的表现。这项研究将为对流降水发展的初始阶段收集一个独特的多成分数据集，增加对影响对流降水的夹带和微物理相互作用的理解，更广泛的影响：这项研究将改进定量降水预报（通过增加基础知识以及启发新的微物理和/或夹带参数化），推进云催化，并改进气溶胶和气候变化对云和降水影响的预测。 这项工作的其他更广泛的影响包括对三名研究生和两名博士后进行观测数据收集和分析和/或云的数值建模方面的教育和培训，并将其介绍给国际云物理界的许多成员。

The primary goal for the Convective Precipitation Experiment- Microphysics and Entrainment Dependencies (COPE-MED) study is to investigate how changes in the strength of the warm rain process acting directly, as well as through the Hallet-Mossop process, impacts the amount, intensity and characteristics of convective rainfall. Of equal interest is cumulus entrainment, factors influencing its progression, and how it alters the effectiveness of both the warm rain and Hallet-Mossop processes. The COPE-MED study includes: (i) a field campaign to collect a unique data set; (ii) the novel application of data analysis techniques designed to maximize the utility of the data; and (iii) numerical simulations of the clouds, to complement the data analysis and hypothesis-testing, and to develop improved representation of these processes in numerical models.The COPE-MED field campaign is built around the combination of remote sensing capabilities and in situ cloud physics instrumentation on the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft. These capabilities will be used to observe, in detail, the microphysical and dynamic structure of convective storms in their initial stages of development. COPE-MED will take place within the broader context of COPE - a U.K. lead field campaign scheduled from June through August, 2013 in Southwestern England. In this geographical location, the cooler cloud bases, lower drop concentrations and relatively predictable convective initiation along convergence lines provide an ideal opportunity to sample developing cumuli as they progress from the warm rain process into ice processes, and the influences of entrainment upon that progression. The remotely-sensed and in-situ aircraft data will be analyzed together with data collected from a COPE UK research aircraft as well as from ground-based radars, radiosondes, aerosol instrumentation, and surface rain gauges. The data will be analyzed in conjunction with high-resolution 3D numerical simulations of the clouds, which can represent the different microphysical pathways and the effects of entrainment, and provide information on cloud features that are otherwise incapable of being sampled by the aircraft.The novel contributions from COPE-MED will include technical development of the use of attenuation of the in-situ Wyoming Cloud Radar signal by raindrops as a measure of the strength of the warm rain process; the analysis of data collected from a suite of microphysical probes on the aircraft, with post-processing algorithms designed to maximize information and minimize ambiguity regarding quantification of the different water phases in the cloud; and the first direct comparison of flow fields near cloud top derived using dual-Doppler analysis with those from high-resolution cloud simulations, with the purpose of studying entrainment features and improving its representation in large-eddy simulations.Intellectual merits:This research will collect a unique, multi-component data set for the initial stages of convective precipitation development, increase understanding of entrainment and microphysical interactions affecting convective rainfall, and develop data analysis methods and improve cloud simulation models that can be applied to many future studies.Broader impacts:The study will improve quantitative precipitation forecasting (both by increasing basic knowledge as well as inspiring new microphysical and/or entrainment parameterizations), advance in cloud seeding, and improved prediction of the effects of aerosol and climate change upon clouds and precipitation. Other broader impacts of the work include the education and training of three graduate students and two postdocs in observational data collection and analysis and/or numerical modeling of clouds, and their introduction to numerous members of the international cloud physics community.