SBIR Phase II: High Power and Energy Density VN-based Asymmetric Supercapacitors

这项小型企业创新研究（SBIR）第二阶段项目将展示非对称超级电容器，其成本和性能达到或超过美国先进电池联盟为自由汽车应用设定的目标。这些装置将基于低成本的VN和NiOOH与水电解质。目前可用的商业产品基于碳和有机电解质，功率密度为700 W/kg，功率密度为3-6 Wh/kg，成本约为每法拉0.10美元。为了更广泛的市场接受，成本必须至少降低两倍，能量密度必须提高，以减小超级电容器的尺寸。拟议的SBIR计划将导致下一代超级电容器的能量密度接近15 Wh/kg，成本比目前可用的商业设备低10倍。优异的性能和成本源于使用廉价的贱金属氮化物和氧化物，这些金属氮化物和氧化物可提供高比电容，低阻抗水性电解质可实现快速，高效的高功率循环，非对称设计可最大限度地提高操作电位窗口。这种性能和成本的结合将使超级电容器在许多重要应用中的使用得到显著扩展。该项目更广泛的影响/商业潜力在于高效的电力负荷峰值功率管理，如汽车启动/停止系统、混合动力汽车（hev）的加速和再生制动，以及不间断电源。超级电容器提供能量和动力的组合，补充其他电化学存储和转换设备，包括电池和燃料电池。随着能量密度的提高和成本的降低，超级电容器的市场有望迅速增长。交通和智能电网应用代表着巨大的市场，年增长率为30%。2009年，汽车超级电容器市场总额为5500万美元，到2015年，受混合动力汽车需求的推动，该市场可能增长到2.43亿美元。在高峰负荷管理和轻轨再生制动的推动下，超级电容器的智能电网市场预计将在2015年达到25亿美元。在这个SBIR项目中开发的设备可以支持最小化我们的国家？美国温室气体的排放和对外国能源的依赖。包括国防部在内的联邦机构也将受益，特别是在增程车辆、外骨骼系统和电磁装甲等应用方面。

This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II project will demonstrate asymmetric supercapacitors that meet or exceed the cost and performance targets set by the United States Advanced Battery Consortium for FreedomCar applications. These devices will be based on low-cost VN and NiOOH with aqueous electrolytes. Currently available commercial products are based on carbon with organic electrolytes and deliver 3-6 Wh/kg with power densities of 700 W/kg at a cost of ~$0.10 per Farad. The cost must be decreased by at least a factor of two for broader market acceptance, and the energy density improved to reduce the supercapacitor size. The proposed SBIR program will lead to next generation supercapacitors with energy densities that approach 15 Wh/kg and costs that are as much as 10 times lower than those for currently available commercial devices. The superior performance and cost are derived from the use of inexpensive, base metal nitrides and oxides tailored to give high specific capacitance, low impedance aqueous electrolytes that enable fast, efficient high power cycling, and an asymmetric design that maximizes the operating potential window. This combination of performance and cost will enable significant expansion in the use of supercapacitors for a number of important applications.The broader impact/commercial potential of this project lies in efficient peak power management of electric loads, such as automotive start/stop systems, acceleration and regenerative braking of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and uninterruptible power supplies. Supercapacitors offer a combination of energy and power that complements other electrochemical storage and conversion devices, including batteries and fuel cells. With improvements in energy density and reductions in cost, the markets for supercapacitors are expected to grow rapidly. Transportation and smart grid applications represent large markets with 30% annual growth. The automotive supercapacitor market totaled $55 million in 2009 and could grow to $243 million by 2015, fueled by the demand for HEVs. The smart grid market for supercapacitors is forecasted to reach $2.5 billion in 2015 driven by peak-load management and regenerative braking for light rails. The devices developed during this SBIR program could support minimizing our nation?s production of greenhouse gases and dependence on foreign energy sources. Federal agencies including the Department of Defense will also benefit, in particular, for applications such as extended range vehicles, exoskeleton systems, and electromagnetic armors.