Comparative Histories of Scientific Conservation: Nature, Science, and Society in Patagonian and Amazonian South America

南美国家是最早建立公园的国家之一；它们保护着数量最多的大型保护区，它们保留着最高比例的保护区，里面住着人。但很少有比较研究将它们最初的声明、它们的演变或它们的社会意义联系起来。因此，人们对全球范围内的公园进行了概括，忽视了科学家在改变景观方面的作用。该项目询问自然田野科学的发展如何导致亚马逊和巴塔哥尼亚国家公园的建立、维护和推广。智力价值这项研究将理解技术研究的科学史方法与环境史对社会内部和社会之间的社会、政治和文化影响的洞察结合在一起。作为一项比较研究，它将利用漫长的二十世纪(19世纪70年代至今)，通过关注阿根廷、巴西、智利和秘鲁的六个公园组，绘制科学知识保护的轮廓。项目方法包括对档案资料来源(如探索期刊、研究站记录、已发表的研究和通信)以及科学家和与科学家互动的社会团体的口述历史进行文件分析。在保护生物学、地理学、人类学和政治学等学科中都有大量关于保护的文献，但很少有研究提供时间和地点的比较视角。仔细的历史研究将通过将相互竞争的知识体系和科学传统联系起来，弥合这些学科目前的争论。潜在的更广泛的影响尽管国家公园看起来是良性的，但它们的历史是有争议的。这段历史在很大程度上解释了科学如何成为政策，科学理解如何塑造景观，以及全球科学知识网络如何影响自然保护。更清晰地了解过去将为理解科学在制定保护政策中的作用提供更好的框架。该项目的成果将通过多种方式传播(一本书、一个教学网站和一个国际研讨会)，以增强产生这些影响的前景。

IntroductionSouth American nations were among the first to create parks; they protect the highest number of large reserves, and they retain the highest percentage of protected areas with people living inside. But little comparative work has contextualized their initial declaration, their evolution, or their societal meaning. As a result, generalizations are being made about parks globally that overlook the role of scientists in transforming the landscape. This project asks how the development of natural field sciences has led to the establishment, maintenance, and promotion of national parks in Amazonia and Patagonia. Intellectual MeritThis research merges a history of science approach to understanding technical research with environmental history's insights into social, political, and cultural influences within and across societies. As a comparative study, it will use the long twentieth century (1870s to present) to chart the contours of scientifically-informed conservation through attention to six park groups in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru. The project methodology involves document analysis of archival sources (such as exploration journals, research station records, published studies, and correspondence) as well as oral histories of scientists and social groups interacting with scientists. Abundant literature on conservation exists in disciplines like conservation biology, geography, anthropology, and political science but few studies give the comparative perspective of time and place. Careful historical research will bridge current debates in these disciplines by contextualizing the competing systems of knowledge and scientific traditions. Potential Broader ImpactsDespite their seemingly benign presence, national parks have a contested history. That history explains much about how science becomes policy, how scientific understandings shape the landscape, and how global networks of scientific knowledge have influenced the protection of nature. Understanding the past with greater clarity will provide a better framework for understanding the role of science in shaping conservation policies. The results of this project will be disseminated in multiple ways (a book, a teaching website, and an international symposium) to enhance the prospects for having these impacts.