Lowering membrane fouling by matching pre-treatment to membrane type.

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Delivery of potable and recycled water to communities and industry increasingly uses membrane treatment to ensure high standards of water quality, particularly as water scarcity leads to the use of poor quality water sources.  Fouling of membranes occurs as water is treated, adding expense and complexity to the process.  Reducing fouling will lower the cost of water treatment and improve the economics of treating water in smaller systems at source.  This will enable greater reliability of localised treatment, which will reduce pumping requirements and decrease both cost and carbon emissions.