Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: "Proyecto Omo: Social Differentiation and Mortuary Variability at the Provincial Tiwanaku Site Omo M10 (Moquegua, Peru)"

在Paul S. Goldstein博士的监督下，Sarah Baitzel将分析和比较与高海拔Tiwanaku文化（公元500-1000年）相关的埋葬背景，Tiwanaku文化是南美洲安第斯山脉最早出现的扩张国家之一。这些墓葬于2010年至2011年在Omo M10遗址出土，Omo M10是位于安第斯山脉西坡秘鲁南部莫克瓜山谷的蒂瓦纳库殖民地。虽然这项工作关注的是单一的史前文化，但它的知识相关性是广泛的，并且具有当今的相关性，因为它提供了对不同种族身份的成员能够融入统一社会群体的机制的见解。Omo M10遗址是唯一一个拥有寺庙的蒂瓦纳库殖民地定居点，在该地区作为宗教或行政中心发挥了重要作用。墓葬在空间上被划分为寺庙周围的13个墓地，形成了这项比较研究的基础。通过测试坟墓供品和哀悼活动的分布模式是否与墓地的空间划分相对应，该项目将调查这如何反映蒂瓦纳库殖民地社会的社会秩序。Omo M10这个独特的、体积庞大且保存完好的墓葬样本，将使贝策尔能够全面调查丧葬仪式，从人类遗骸和陶器等更传统的材料，到罕见的保存完好的布料和食物。了解个人如何形成并维持其作为种族亲属群体成员和新兴国家参与者的社会身份，在研究早期复杂社会中起着核心作用。太平间考古学为这项调查提供了两个明显的优势：它直接将丧葬活动的物证与死者联系起来。此外，它侧重于社会危机时期，在此期间，社区成员的死亡要求哀悼者重申并公开主张和显示他们的从属关系。因此，这项研究为蒂瓦纳库和安第斯考古学提供了一个新的视角，研究仪式如何创造和维持不同的身份和社会关系；研究结果还将为世界各地复杂社会的类似研究提供一个比较案例研究。定量的、以材料为导向的方法论与对社会实践、仪式和身份形成的理论关注相结合，弥合了太平间考古领域分裂和分歧的思想流派。这项研究将在地方和国际一级产生更广泛的影响。这项研究的数据将提供一个比较样本和数据库，作为未来调查的资源，并将成为即将在美国进行的几个博士论文项目的基础。拟议的分析汇集了来自美国（佛罗里达大学，亚利桑那州立大学）和秘鲁机构（卡耶塔诺埃雷迪亚大学，利马）的专家和学生，提供合作和培训的机会。为同行评议期刊和公众读者编写的出版物将以英文和西班牙文提供给当地机构和图书馆；这项研究的报告将面向美国、秘鲁和智利的学术听众，以及莫克瓜的公众。将特别强调通过当地机构和媒体向公众传播这项研究，以增进对该地区史前史的了解，并提高对保护文化遗产的认识。

Under the supervision of Dr. Paul S. Goldstein, Sarah Baitzel will analyze and compare burial contexts associated with the high-altitude Tiwanaku culture (A.D. 500-1000), one of the earliest expansive states to arise in the South American Andes. The burials were excavated in 2010-2011 at the site of Omo M10, a Tiwanaku colony located in the Moquegua Valley of Southern Peru on the western slopes of the Andes. Although the work focuses on a single prehistoric culture its intellectual relevance is broad and has present day relevance because it provides insight into the mechanisms through which members of diverse ethnic identities were able to integrate into a unified social group.Being the only Tiwanaku colonial settlement with a temple, the Omo M10 site occupied an important role in the region as a religious or administrative center. The spatial separation of burials into 13 cemeteries located around the temple forms the basis for this comparative research. By testing whether patterns in the distribution of grave offerings and mourning activities correspond with the spatial sectoring of cemeteries, this project will investigate in what ways this reflected the social order of Tiwanaku colonial society. The uniquely large and well-preserved burial sample from Omo M10 will allow Ms. Baitzel to investigate funerary rituals in their entirety, ranging from more traditional materials like human remains and pottery to rare preserved cloth and food items. Understanding how individuals formed and maintained their social identity as members both of ethnic kin groups and participants in newly emerging states plays a central role in the study of early complex societies. Mortuary archaeology offers two distinct advantages for this investigation: it directly links material evidence of funerary activities to the deceased individuals. In addition, it focuses on a period of social crisis, during which the death of a community member requires mourners to reaffirm and public assert and display their affiliation. Accordingly, this research contributes to Tiwanaku and Andean archaeology a new perspective of how rituals created and maintained different identities social relations; the results will also present a comparative case study for similar research on complex societies around the world. The combination of a quantitative, material-oriented methodology and a theoretical focus on social practice, ritual and identity formation bridges divided and diverging schools of thought in the field of mortuary archaeology. This research will have a broader impact both at the local and international level. The data resulting from this research will provide a comparative sample and database that will serve as a resource for future investigations, and will form the basis of several upcoming doctoral dissertation projects in the U.S. The proposed analyses bring together specialists and students from U.S. (University of Florida, Arizona State University) and Peruvian institutions (Universidad Cayetano Heredia, Lima) to provide opportunities for collaboration and training. The resulting publications written for peer-reviewed journals and a public audience will be made available to local institutions and libraries in English and Spanish; presentations of the research will be directed towards academic audiences in the U.S., Peru and Chile, as well as the general public in Moquegua. Special emphasis will be placed on disseminating this research to the public through local institutions and media to advance understanding of the region's prehistory and to raise awareness about conservation of cultural patrimony.