Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Integration at Edges of States

尽管严格边界的民族国家在现代世界无处不在，但合作与冲突经常推动社会政治社区和经济机构跨越国界扩散。这种跨国主义从根本上定义了我们的世界主义、全球政治经济。为了更好地理解跨国主义的驱动力和社会政治动态，研究人员试图确定这些过程的起源。考虑到当今地缘政治格局固有的复杂性、紧密联系和全球规模，必须利用考古记录来追踪这些现象的深层史前起源。通过考古记录追溯的史前例子为理解最初推动社区跨越国界的社会政治和环境机制提供了理想的长期案例研究。该项目从秘鲁南部保存完好的考古遗址中提取了多条考古证据，这些遗址构成了蒂瓦纳库文明（约公元500-1100年）的西部边界，蒂瓦纳库文明是南美洲最早发展的国家级社会之一。这里位于阿塔卡马沙漠的北部，极度干旱的环境造就了世界上保存最完好的考古遗址之一，也为这个项目提供了前所未有的史前人类日常生活的视角。生活在蒂瓦纳库州边境的社区如何在当地和区域网络中谈判他们的角色，将有助于更好地理解个人以及社区驱动的代理和谈判在当今社会政治格局中的过程和潜在结果。该项目考察了古代蒂瓦纳库州，从殖民遭遇的角度研究早期全球化网络的发展。有了不同的尺度和关系，空间和社会，考古学是唯一适合从各种角度，从国家政策和地方社区检查复杂系统内广泛的历时模式。传统上，各州边境的社区被认为是被剥夺了公民权和被动的。远离这种统一的评估，该项目考察了一个古老的边境社区，它嵌入在安第斯山脉中南部（玻利维亚、秘鲁南部、智利北部）的蒂瓦纳库州（Tiwanaku）产生的动态的地方和区域社会、经济和象征网络中。该项目将重点放在圣安东尼奥塞罗遗址（秘鲁南部的卢康巴山谷），将利用考古学工具包中的一些最新方法，以保存完好的三个独立的蒂瓦纳库边境定居点遗址为目标。方法包括低空航空摄影和遥感进行大规模制图，以及对家庭、社区和生活空间进行广域挖掘，以调查居住群体网络的连通性和复杂性。用这种网络方法处理这些解决方案将提供一个强有力的框架，说明全球进程的当地来源以及当地行动的全球影响。遵循复杂性和网络分析的传统，该项目将证明边疆社区参与的社会、经济和仪式网络是在更广泛的区域内本地化的，否则完全归因于蒂瓦纳库州的政治进程。最终，该研究将有助于理解不同的社区网络如何在初期政策下整合（或不整合），以及它们在国家产生和维持中的作用。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Although rigidly bordered nation-states are ubiquitous in the modern world, both cooperation and conflict frequently drive sociopolitical communities and economic institutions to diffuse across borders. This transnationalism has come to define our fundamentally cosmopolitan, global political economy. In order to better understand the driving forces and sociopolitical dynamics of transnationalism the researchers seek to identify an origin for these processes. Given the inherently complex, densely connected and global scale of today's geopolitical landscape, tracing the deep prehistoric origins of these phenomena must be done using the archaeological record. Prehistoric examples traced through the archaeological record offer ideal long-term case studies for understanding the sociopolitical and environmental mechanisms that first propelled communities across borders. This project pursues multiple lines of archaeological evidence drawn from well-preserved archaeological sites located in southern Peru, which constituted the western frontier of the Tiwanaku civilization (ca. AD 500-1100), one of the earliest state-level societies to develop in South America. Here in the northern reaches of the Atacama Desert, hyper-arid conditions gave rise to one of the best-preserved archaeological deposits in the world, giving this project an unprecedented view into the daily lives of prehistoric populations. How communities living on the frontier of the Tiwanaku state negotiated their roles within local and regional networks will help to better understand processes and potential outcomes of personal as well as community driven agency and negotiation in today's sociopolitical landscape. This project examines the ancient Tiwanaku state to investigate the development of early globalized networks from the perspective of colonial encounters. With access to distinct scales and relationships, both spatial and social, archaeology is uniquely suited to examine broad diachronic patterns within complex systems from a variety of perspectives, from state polities and local communities. Communities on the frontiers of states have traditionally been considered disenfranchised and passive. Moving away from this uniform assessment, this project examines an ancient frontier community as embedded within dynamic local and regional social, economic, and symbolic networks generated by the Tiwanaku state in the south-central Andes (Bolivia, southern Peru, northern Chile). Focusing on the site of Cerro San Antonio (Locumba Valley, southern Peru), this project will target the well-preserved remains of three separate Tiwanaku frontier-settlements utilizing some of the newest methods in the archeological toolkit. Methods include low altitude aerial photography and remote sensing for large-scale mapping, and wide-area excavations of households, neighborhoods, and living spaces to investigate the connectivity and complexity of residential group networks. Treating such settlements with this network approach will provide a powerful framework for illustrating both the local source of global processes as well as the global implications of local action. Following in the tradition of complexity and network analysis, this project will demonstrate that the social, economic, and ritual networks engaged in by frontier communities were localized within broader regional, political processes otherwise attributed entirely to the Tiwanaku state. Ultimately, the research will contribute to understanding how diverse community networks can be integrated (or not) under incipient polities, and their role in the generation and maintenance of states.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.