Validation of the Child Affective Facial Expressions Set (CAFE)

情绪化的面部表情对我们人类来说非常特别。我们可能在一天中看到数百张脸，在一生中看到数百万张脸。它们可以告诉我们什么情况是安全的，什么情况是危险的，它们可以给我们提供关于如何在日常社会交往中表现的重要信息。许多对研究人类情绪感兴趣的研究人员依赖于一组成年人摆出各种情绪面部表情的照片。尽管这些集合为我们研究情绪提供了一个有用的工具，但它们的局限性在于，它们通常只包括一个特定人群的照片——即高加索成年人。目前的建议引入了一套全新的情感面部表情——儿童情感面部表情集（CAFE）。CAFE系列包括190名学龄前儿童的照片，他们摆出6种基本情绪——悲伤、快乐、惊讶、愤怒、厌恶和恐惧——加上一个中性的表情。这组儿童的种族和民族也很多样化，包括高加索人、非洲裔美国人、亚洲人、拉丁裔（西班牙裔）和南亚（印度/孟加拉国/巴基斯坦）儿童。拟议的实验旨在验证这一套，以便它可以传播到更大的研究界。在两个实验中，4-5岁、6-7岁、8-9岁和10-11岁的儿童和一组成年人将被要求识别组中的每个面部表情两次。从这些评分中，将计算出每个面部表情的效度评分（每个参与者的准确性）和可靠性评分（每个参与者在两个评分之间的一致性）。一旦收集到数据，CAFE集将免费提供给科学界用作研究工具。鉴于情绪面部表情研究的重要性，这一刺激集将促进科学基础建设，并有助于心理学研究的几个领域，包括发展、社会、认知和临床。总的来说，这些发现将导致一组控制的、有效的学龄前儿童做出各种情绪面部表情的刺激。最终，使用这个集合的研究可以为我们提供重要的见解，让我们了解我们是如何理解人类情感的。

Emotional facial expressions are very special for us as humans. We might see hundreds of faces in the course of a day and millions in the course of a lifetime. They can tell us when a situation is safe or risky, and they can give us important information about how to behave in everyday social interactions. Many researchers interested in studying human emotions rely on sets of photographs of adults posing the various emotional facial expressions. Although these sets provide us with a useful tool for studying emotions, they are limited in that they generally only include photographs of one specific demographic -- namely Caucasian adults. The current proposal introduces a brand new set of emotional facial expressions -- The Child Affective Facial Expression set (CAFE). The CAFE set includes photographs of 190 preschool children posing for 6 basic emotions -- sadness, happiness, surprise, anger, disgust, and fear -- plus a neutral expression. The set is also racially and ethnically diverse, featuring Caucasian, African American, Asian, Latino (Hispanic), and South Asian (Indian / Bangladeshi / Pakistani) children. The proposed experiments are aimed at validating this set so that it can be disseminated to the greater research community. In two experiments, 4-5-, 6-7-, 8-9- and 10-11-year-old children and a group of adults will be asked to identify each facial expression in the set twice. From these ratings a validity score (the accuracy of each participant) and a reliability score (the consistency of each participant between the two ratings) will be calculated for each facial expression. Once the data have been collected, the CAFE set will be made available for free to the scientific community to use as a research tool. Given the prominence of research on emotional facial expressions, this stimulus set will promote scientific infrastructure and could contribute to several domains of psychological research, including developmental, social, cognitive, and clinical. Collectively the findings will result in a controlled, validated stimulus set of preschool-aged children making a variety of emotional facial expressions. Ultimately, research using this set could provide us with important insights into how we come to understand human emotions.