Collaborative Research: Kin Location, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Residential Migration

SES-1258677凯尔·克劳德华盛顿大学SES-1258758斯科特南纽约州立大学奥尔本社区有助于塑造居民的福祉，影响教育机会、经济成果、家庭形成决策和一系列其他行为，这一点日益得到共识。这一观察结果促使人们进行了大量研究，研究影响人们居住地点的因素，以及不同种族群体和经济阶层的成员如何占据贫困率和种族构成非常不同的社区。到目前为止，大多数关于迁入和迁出贫困程度不同、种族构成不同的社区的研究都集中在一组狭隘的个人特征的影响上，基本上忽略了个人的居住决定可能受到自己的居住史及其家庭成员所在地影响的强烈可能性。该项目旨在弥补这种忽视，使用收入动态小组研究(PSID)的纵向数据，结合美国四次十年一次的人口普查的邻里层面数据，研究核心家庭成员和大家庭成员(例如，父母、孩子、兄弟姐妹、其他亲属)居住的社区的位置和特征以及个人早期居住的社区特征如何影响在贫穷和非贫穷社区之间以及不同种族构成的社区之间流动的可能性。该项目试图回答五个主要问题：1)在给定的社会经济和种族构成的社区中，亲属的存在是否会影响个人迁出和进入这些类型社区的可能性？2)亲属居住的社区的特征与个人从这些类型的社区迁出或迁入的倾向之间的关联在多大程度上因性别、种族、社会经济地位而异，3)贫穷和非贫穷社区之间以及不同种族组成的社区之间迁移倾向的种族和社会阶层差异，是否可以归因于亲属居住的社区类型的种族和阶级差异？4)一个人自己的居住史，他们一生居住的社区类型，影响他们在不同社会经济和种族构成的社区之间迁移的倾向？5)个人社区居住历史中的种族和社会经济差异是否有助于解释种族和阶层差异在搬出或进入特定社会经济或种族构成的社区的倾向上的差异？更广泛的影响这个项目的发现有望增强我们对家庭和个人在不同社会经济和民族构成的社区获得住所的过程的理解，特别是为什么低收入和少数族裔家庭经常无法搬到或留在相对有利的社区，即使他们的社会经济资源允许他们这样做。该项目的发现可能对住房流动项目具有特别的相关性，这些项目试图促进贫困和/或少数族裔家庭从处于不利地位的市中心社区迁移到更有利的社区，通常是郊区社区。这些方案的成功好坏参半，可能是因为低收入和/或少数族裔家庭和个人倾向于留在或搬迁到主要贫穷和以少数族裔为主的社区，以便提供或接受核心家庭成员和大家庭成员的社会和经济支持。贫困和少数族裔家庭的社区间迁移模式也可能受到住房搜索过程的限制，该过程往往仅限于他们过去居住的社区类型。因此，该项目有望促进我们对最有可能被困在贫困社区的家庭和个人类型的了解，从而容易受到“邻里效应”的有害后果的影响。

SES-1258677Kyle CrowderUniversity of WashingtonSES- 1258758Scott SouthSUNY AlbanyThere is growing consensus that neighborhoods help to shape the well-being of their residents, affecting educational opportunities, economic outcomes, family formation decisions, and a range of other behaviors. This observation has motivated a good deal of research on the factors that affect where people live and how members of different racial groups and economic classes come to occupy neighborhoods with very different poverty rates and racial compositions. To date, most of the research on movement into and out of neighborhoods with various levels of poverty and different racial composition has focused on the effects of a narrow set of individual characteristics, largely ignoring the strong possibility that individuals' residential decisions may be influenced by their own residential history and the location of their family members. This project is designed to remedy this neglect, using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) in conjunction with neighborhood-level data from four decennial U.S. censuses to examine how the location and characteristics of the neighborhoods inhabited by nuclear and extended family members (e.g., parents, children, siblings, other relatives) and the characteristics of the neighborhoods inhabited by individuals earlier in their lives influence the likelihood of moving between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods and between neighborhoods of varying racial composition. The project seeks to answer five main questions:1) Does the presence of kin in neighborhoods of a given socioeconomic and racial composition influence the likelihood that individuals will move out of and into these types of neighborhoods?2) To what extent does the association between the characteristics of the neighborhoods inhabited by kin and individuals' propensity to move from or to those types of neighborhoods vary by gender, race, socioeconomic status, and life-course position?3) Can racial and social class differences in the propensity to move between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods and between neighborhoods of varying racial composition be attributed to race and class differences in the types of neighborhoods inhabited by kin?4) How does an individual's own residential history, the types of neighborhoods they have lived in throughout their lives, influences their propensity to move between neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic and racial composition?5) Do racial and socioeconomic differences in individuals' neighborhood residential histories help to explain racial and class differences in the propensity to move out of or into a neighborhood of a particular socioeconomic or racial composition?Broader ImpactsThe findings of this project promise to enhance our understanding of the processes through which families and individuals attain residence in neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic and ethnoracial composition and, in particular, why low-income and minority families often fail to move to, or remain in, relatively advantaged neighborhoods even when their socioeconomic resources would allow them to do so. The project's findings are likely to have special relevance for housing mobility programs that attempt to facilitate the migration of poor and/or minority families from disadvantaged inner-city neighborhoods into more advantaged, often suburban communities. These programs have met with mixed success, perhaps because low-income and/or minority families and individuals tend to remain in, or relocate to, largely poor and predominantly minority neighborhoods in order to provide or to receive social and economic support from nuclear and extended family members. The inter-neighborhood migration patterns of poor and minority families may also be constrained by a housing search process that is often limited to the types of neighborhoods they have inhabited in the past. Thus, the project holds promise for advancing our understanding of the types of families and individuals most likely to be trapped in poor neighborhoods; and hence vulnerable to the pernicious consequences of "neighborhood effects."