Collaborative Research: Kin Location, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Residential Migration

越来越多的人认为，社区有助于塑造居民的福祉，影响教育机会，经济成果，家庭组建决策以及一系列其他行为。这一观察激发了大量的研究，研究影响人们居住的因素，以及不同种族群体和经济阶层的成员如何占据贫困率和种族构成差异很大的社区。迄今为止，大多数关于迁入和迁出具有不同贫困程度和不同种族组成的社区的研究都集中在一组狭窄的个人特征的影响上，在很大程度上忽略了个人的居住决定可能受到其居住历史和家庭成员位置的影响。该项目旨在纠正这种忽视，使用来自收入动态小组研究（PSID）的纵向数据以及来自四次十年一次的美国人口普查的邻里水平数据，以研究核心和大家庭成员居住的社区的位置和特征（例如，父母、子女、兄弟姐妹、其他亲属）和个人早年居住的社区的特征影响了在贫困社区和非贫困社区之间以及在不同种族组成的社区之间流动的可能性。该项目试图回答五个主要问题：1）在给定的社会经济和种族组成的社区中，亲属的存在是否会影响个人进出这些类型的社区的可能性？2)亲属居住的社区的特征和个人从这些类型的社区迁移或迁移到这些类型的社区的倾向之间的关联在多大程度上因性别、种族、社会经济地位和生命历程位置而异？3)在贫困社区和非贫困社区之间以及在不同种族构成的社区之间迁移倾向的种族和社会阶级差异，是否可以归因于亲属居住的社区类型的种族和阶级差异？4)一个人自己的居住历史（他们一生中居住的社区类型）如何影响他们在不同社会经济和种族组成的社区之间移动的倾向？5)个人邻里居住历史中的种族和社会经济差异是否有助于解释种族和阶级差异在搬出或迁入特定社会经济或种族组成的邻里的倾向？更广泛的影响这个项目的研究结果有望提高我们对家庭和个人在不同社会经济和民族组成的社区获得居住权的过程的理解，特别是为什么低收入和少数民族家庭经常无法搬到，或留在，即使他们的社会经济资源允许他们这样做。该项目的调查结果可能对住房流动方案具有特殊意义，这些方案试图促进贫困和/或少数民族家庭从处于不利地位的市中心社区迁移到更偏远的、往往是郊区的社区。这些方案取得的成功有好有坏，也许是因为低收入和/或少数民族家庭和个人往往留在或搬迁到主要是贫困和少数民族的社区，以便提供或接受核心家庭和大家庭成员的社会和经济支持。贫困和少数民族家庭的邻里间迁移模式也可能受到住房搜索过程的限制，这一过程往往限于他们过去居住的社区类型。因此，该项目有望促进我们对最有可能被困在贫困社区的家庭和个人类型的理解;因此容易受到“邻里效应”的有害后果的影响。"

There is growing consensus that neighborhoods help to shape the well-being of their residents, affecting educational opportunities, economic outcomes, family formation decisions, and a range of other behaviors. This observation has motivated a good deal of research on the factors that affect where people live and how members of different racial groups and economic classes come to occupy neighborhoods with very different poverty rates and racial compositions. To date, most of the research on movement into and out of neighborhoods with various levels of poverty and different racial composition has focused on the effects of a narrow set of individual characteristics, largely ignoring the strong possibility that individuals' residential decisions may be influenced by their own residential history and the location of their family members. This project is designed to remedy this neglect, using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) in conjunction with neighborhood-level data from four decennial U.S. censuses to examine how the location and characteristics of the neighborhoods inhabited by nuclear and extended family members (e.g., parents, children, siblings, other relatives) and the characteristics of the neighborhoods inhabited by individuals earlier in their lives influence the likelihood of moving between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods and between neighborhoods of varying racial composition. The project seeks to answer five main questions: 1) Does the presence of kin in neighborhoods of a given socioeconomic and racial composition influence the likelihood that individuals will move out of and into these types of neighborhoods? 2) To what extent does the association between the characteristics of the neighborhoods inhabited by kin and individuals' propensity to move from or to those types of neighborhoods vary by gender, race, socioeconomic status, and life-course position? 3) Can racial and social class differences in the propensity to move between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods and between neighborhoods of varying racial composition be attributed to race and class differences in the types of neighborhoods inhabited by kin? 4) How does an individual's own residential history ( the types of neighborhoods they have lived in throughout their lives ) influences their propensity to move between neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic and racial composition? 5) Do racial and socioeconomic differences in individuals' neighborhood residential histories help to explain racial and class differences in the propensity to move out of or into a neighborhood of a particular socioeconomic or racial composition? Broader Impacts The findings of this project promise to enhance our understanding of the processes through which families and individuals attain residence in neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic and ethnoracial composition and, in particular, why low-income and minority families often fail to move to, or remain in, relatively advantaged neighborhoods even when their socioeconomic resources would allow them to do so. The project's findings are likely to have special relevance for housing mobility programs that attempt to facilitate the migration of poor and/or minority families from disadvantaged inner-city neighborhoods into more advantaged, often suburban communities. These programs have met with mixed success, perhaps because low-income and/or minority families and individuals tend to remain in, or relocate to, largely poor and predominantly minority neighborhoods in order to provide or to receive social and economic support from nuclear and extended family members. The inter-neighborhood migration patterns of poor and minority families may also be constrained by a housing search process that is often limited to the types of neighborhoods they have inhabited in the past. Thus, the project holds promise for advancing our understanding of the types of families and individuals most likely to be trapped in poor neighborhoods; and hence vulnerable to the pernicious consequences of "neighborhood effects."