Service Access in Premodern Cities

前现代城市的服务获取

• 批准号: 1260344
• 负责人: Michael Smith
• 金额: $ 38.7万
• 依托单位: Arizona State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-06-15 至 2017-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1260344&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Service; Access; Premodern; Cities

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Michael E. Smith and a team of urban experts at Arizona State University will compare the ways city dwellers gained access to urban services in a sample of thirty ancient and historic cities. Planners and city officials today wrestle with difficult decisions about where to locate schools, clinics, parks, and other facilities. Scholars have found that the locations of some urban services allow particular groups better access than others. This project will identify the ways cities have organized their services throughout history. Non-governmental institutions (churches, guilds, neighborhood associations) have played a significant role in providing urban services in the past. Were these services more equally distributed than those provided by city authorities, or did governments do a better job of equitably providing services to residents? By answering these and other questions about services in ancient and historic cities, this project will give scholars and planners a broader base of knowledge to apply to modern cities around the world.The research team includes experts from four disciplines-archaeology, geography, political science, and sociology. The co-Principal Investigators are Christopher Boone, Sharon Harlan, and Abigail York, with Senior Scientists George Cowgill and Barbara Stark. They will use concepts and methods from these and other fields to produce a broad picture of urban services in the past. The team will select cities from each of fourteen early urban traditions, ranging from ancient Egypt to Medieval Europe. For each city, the team will digitize historical or archaeological maps that portray housing and service facilities. The maps will then be analyzed spatially in a common framework using the methods of Geographical Information Science to show how the locations of service facilities relate to neighborhoods and the residences of elite and commoner families. The target services include shops/commercial services, religious services, and public assembly places. The team will also study historical or archaeological records for each city to reconstruct its social, economic and political patterns. This contextual information will be coded and analyzed in a common framework, and then the team will compare it to the results of the spatial analysis to determine what kinds of cities, political, and economic systems produce more equal service access for urban populations.This project has three primary intellectual merits: (1) this will be the most rigorous comparative study of premodern cities yet undertaken; (2) the joint work of a team of scholars from four different scholarly disciplines will produce a particularly broad and comprehensive analysis of urban services; and (3) the application of methods and concepts derived from the analysis of modern urban services to a sample of past cities will produce results that are directly comparable to our knowledge of services in contemporary cities. This is a particularly important topic for the rapidly growing cities in the developing nations.The broader impacts of this study include training and mentoring for two graduate students and a group of undergraduate interns including Hispanic students. In addition, the scientific knowledge we gather and systematically code about premodern cities will inform research and policy on the role of services contemporary urbanization in two ways: (1) it will provide a large comparative sample of cities for scholars and planners to draw on; and (2) it will provide a long-term historical perspective on cities, services, and urban change.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，迈克尔·史密斯（Michael E.今天，计划者和城市官员对在哪里找到学校，诊所，公园和其他设施的艰难决定。学者们发现，某些城市服务的位置使特定群体比其他团体更好。该项目将确定城市在整个历史上组织其服务的方式。非政府机构（教堂，行会，社区协会）过去在提供城市服务方面发挥了重要作用。这些服务是否比城市当局提供的服务更为分配，还是政府在为居民提供服务方面做得更好？通过回答有关古代和历史城市中有关服务的这些问题，该项目将为学者和计划者提供更广泛的知识基础，以适用于世界各地的现代城市。研究团队包括来自四个学科的专家 - 协同学，地理，政治学和社会学。联合主持的调查员是克里斯托弗·布恩（Christopher Boone），沙龙·哈兰（Sharon Harlan）和阿比盖尔·约克（Abigail York），高级科学家乔治·考吉尔（George Cowgill）和芭芭拉·史塔克（Barbara Stark）。他们将使用这些和其他领域的概念和方法在过去的城市服务中产生广泛的了解。该团队将从十四个早期的城市传统中选择城市，从古埃及到中世纪欧洲。对于每个城市，团队将数字化描绘住房和服务设施的历史图或考古图。然后，将使用地理信息科学的方法在公共框架中对地图进行空间分析，以展示服务设施的位置如何与社区和精英和平民家庭的住所相关联。目标服务包括商店/商业服务，宗教服务和公共集会场所。该团队还将研究每个城市的历史或考古记录，以重建其社会，经济和政治模式。这些上下文信息将在共同框架中进行编码和分析，然后团队将与空间分析的结果进行比较，以确定哪些类型的城市，政治和经济体系可以为城市人口提供更多平等的服务访问。该项目具有三个主要的智力优点：（1）这将是最严格的前后城市比较研究； （2）来自四个不同学科的学者团队的共同工作将对城市服务进行特别广泛而全面的分析； （3）从现代城市服务分析到过去城市样本中得出的方法和概念的应用将产生与我们在当代城市中我们对服务知识相媲美的结果。对于发展中国家迅速发展的城市而言，这是一个特别重要的话题。这项研究的更广泛影响包括对两名研究生和一组包括西班牙裔学生在内的一组本科实习生的培训和指导。此外，我们收集的科学知识和有关现代城市的系统编码将通过两种方式为当代城市化的作用提供研究和政策：（1）它将为学者和规划师提供大量的城市比较样本； （2）它将为城市，服务和城市变化提供长期的历史观点。