Surface Stress Relaxation and Resulting Residual Stress in Glass: A New Mechanical Strengthening Mechanism of Glasses

玻璃中的表面应力松弛和由此产生的残余应力：一种新的玻璃机械强化机制

• 批准号: 1265100
• 负责人: Minoru Tomozawa
• 金额: $ 67万
• 依托单位: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-09-01 至 2018-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1265100&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Surface; Stress; Relaxation; Resulting; Residual

NON-TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Glasses have many important applications because they are transparent, low cost, light-weight, and can be produced in large quantities and rapidly. They have one drawback: a lack of high mechanical strength. There are some methods to make glasses stronger such as rapid cooling called tempering which is used to make stronger window glasses or the ion-exchange method which is used to make stronger touch screen for smart phones. However, these methods are not applicable to all glasses and cannot be used, for example, to make stronger silica glass optical fibers. A new glass strengthening method, which can be used for all types of glasses, is explored.TECHNICAL DETAILS: Water vapor in the atmosphere can affect the glass surface characteristics. When a glass is subjected to a tensile stress below the critical stress which can break the glass, at an appropriate temperature below the glass transition temperature, some of the surface tensile stress is relaxed by the influence of moisture. When the applied tensile stress is removed, the surface of the glass acquires a residual compressive stress. The resulting glass sample is stronger than before, because a greater tensile stress is required, in order to overcome the generated surface compressive stress, to break the glass. By clarifying mechanism by which water promotes surface stress relaxation and controls the kinetics of surface residual stress generation, an optimum temperature, time, tensile stress, and moisture content can be chosen to produce high strength glasses. Specifically, the magnitude of a sub-micrometer thick surface residual stress in silica glass optical fiber, produced by heating under a tensile stress and water vapor, can be estimated by using both the bending of sliced fibers as well as FTIR reflection spectroscopy and the result compared with the measured mechanical strength of the fibers. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism of glass strengthening can explain some long-standing mysteries in glass science. For example, a crack in a glass can grow under a low tensile stress. However, when the glass was first subjected to a low tensile stress, one which does not cause crack growth, and then subjected to the original tensile stress, the crack does not grow. Apparently, the glass became stronger by a sub-critical tensile stress application, but no convincing explanation exists at the present. In this research two graduate students and two undergraduates are trained on this research topic which combines exploration of the science and technology of glasses.

非技术描述：玻璃具有许多重要的应用，因为它们透明、成本低、重量轻，并且可以大批量、快速生产。它们有一个缺点：缺乏高机械强度。有一些方法可以使玻璃更坚固，例如称为钢化的快速冷却，用于制造更坚固的窗玻璃或离子交换方法，用于制造更坚固的智能手机触摸屏。然而，这些方法并不适用于所有玻璃，并且不能用于例如制造更强的石英玻璃光纤。探索了一种新的玻璃强化方法，可用于所有类型的玻璃。技术细节： 大气中的水蒸气会影响玻璃表面特性。当玻璃承受低于可以使玻璃破裂的临界应力的拉应力时，在低于玻璃化转变温度的适当温度下，部分表面拉应力因水分的影响而松弛。当施加的拉应力被移除时，玻璃表面获得残余压应力。所得玻璃样品比以前更坚固，因为需要更大的拉应力，以克服产生的表面压应力，以打破玻璃。通过阐明水促进表面应力松弛并控制表面残余应力产生动力学的机制，可以选择最佳温度、时间、拉伸应力和水分含量来生产高强度玻璃。具体而言，可以通过使用切片光纤的弯曲以及 FTIR 反射光谱来估计石英玻璃光纤中在拉伸应力和水蒸气下加热产生的亚微米厚表面残余应力的大小，并将结果与​​测量的光纤机械强度进行比较。此外，所提出的玻璃强化机制可以解释玻璃科学中一些长期存在的谜团。例如，玻璃中的裂纹可以在低拉伸应力下生长。然而，当玻璃首先承受不会引起裂纹扩展的低拉伸应力，然后再承受原始拉伸应力时，裂纹不会扩展。显然，通过施加亚临界拉伸应力，玻璃变得更强，但目前还没有令人信服的解释。在这项研究中，两名研究生和两名本科生接受了这一研究课题的培训，该研究课题结合了眼镜科学和技术的探索。