RAPID: Liquefaction and its Effects on Buildings and Lifelines in the 2010-2011 Canterbury, New Zealand Earthquake Sequence

该快速反应研究（RAPID）奖提供资金，以调查液化及其对2010-2011年新西兰坎特伯雷地震序列中建筑物和生命线的影响，其目标是捕获易腐烂的数据，这将导致开发用于全面评估危害的增强分析程序。 2010-2011年新西兰坎特伯雷地震序列始于2010年9月4日发生在基督城以西的达菲尔德地震，震级为Mw7.0，包括3次ML =6.0的地震和45次ML =5.0的地震。 2011年2月22日基督城发生的Mw6.2级地震是该系列地震中破坏性最大的一次，因为它靠近基督城，而且断层破裂深度较浅，导致近200人死亡，数千人受伤，并造成广泛的液化和建筑环境的破坏。 这一地震序列提供了一个独特的机会，以评估在相当深入的影响，不同强度的地震震动的各种土壤剖面的反应，以及液化的影响，对建筑物的基础和关键的生命线系统。 这项研究有三个主要的重点：（1）再次发生的液化;（2）在液化地区的建筑物性能;（3）生命线性能在地区的液化引起的地面故障。 在以前的快速发展方案努力中，在上述每个领域都取得了重大成就。 然而，正如研究中经常出现的情况一样，在进行以前的调查时，确定了额外的重要的、时间紧迫的机会，以提高岩土工程和生命线地震工程的知识。 通过比较这一系列地震引起的不同程度的土壤液化，以及评估这些事件中建筑物、生命线和工程系统的不同抗震性能，仍然有很多东西要学。 有机会了解相同的地面和基础设施如何应对具有不同震动强度的多次地震是极其罕见的。 此外，达菲尔德和基督城地震的震级和距离是美国城市经常考虑的两种情况。 捕捉横向扩展的细节和液化对精心建造的结构（如办公楼及其相互连接的地下设施）的影响至关重要。实地勘察将侧重于获取易腐数据和确定选定地点的土壤剖面特征。本研究将通过GEER协会协调，并与坎特伯雷大学合作进行（即，教授米斯科Cubrinovski，布伦登布拉德利，和马克奎格利）和新西兰政府。 该提案要求提供必要的资金，以便尽可能详细地认真记录易腐数据。更广泛的影响源于记录和学习设计级地震后的观察，这是非常宝贵的，以推进地震工程的实践状态。 调查液化的再次发生，记录液化引起的地面运动的情况，并评估液化对建筑物和生命线的影响，促进了对地震影响的基本理解，并为未来的分析和设计开发了基准。 特别是达菲尔德和基督城地震，代表了美国重要的地震情景。因此，有真实的需要记录其岩土工程影响。 此外，这些地震涉及多种灾害影响。 两次地震中液化引起的合并沉降使许多基督城社区面临河流和海洋洪水的威胁，包括海啸。 收集关于地震引起的地面移动的数据将成为洪水风险评估和地震脆弱性的基础。 这项拟议中的研究结合了几位主要研究人员的努力，从整体上研究了液化的影响。 该小组还包括研究生;这项研究将有助于发展他们在地震工程方面的能力，并使他们能够在新西兰建立研究联系。 该奖项由国际科学与工程办公室，东亚和太平洋计划共同资助。

This Grant for Rapid Response Research (RAPID) award provides funding to investigate liquefaction and its effects on buildings and lifelines in the 2010-2011 Canterbury, New Zealand earthquake sequence with the goal of capturing perishable data that would lead to the development of enhanced analytical procedures for evaluating the hazard holistically. The 2010-2011 Canterbury, New Zealand earthquake sequence started with the Mw7.0, 4 September 2010 Darfield earthquake that occurred to the west of Christchurch and included 3 events having ML =6.0 and 45 events having ML =5.0. Because of its close proximity to Christchurch and shallow depth of fault rupture, the Mw6.2, 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake was the most devastating event in the sequence, resulting in nearly 200 deaths and thousands of injuries, with widespread liquefaction and damage to the built environment. This earthquake sequence provides a unique opportunity to evaluate in considerable depth the effects of earthquake shaking of different intensities on the response of various soil profiles, and the effects of liquefaction on building foundations and critical lifeline systems. This research has three main thrusts: (1) re-occurrence of liquefaction; (2) building performance in areas of liquefaction; and (3) lifeline performance in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure. Significant accomplishments were made in each of these areas in a previous RAPID effort. However, as is often the case in research, in performing the previous investigations additional significant, time-critical opportunities to advance the knowledge of geotechnical and lifeline earthquake engineering were identified. There is still much to learn from comparing the different levels of soil liquefaction caused by the earthquakes in this sequence and from evaluating the differing seismic performance of buildings, lifelines, and engineered systems during these events. It is extremely rare to have the opportunity to learn how the same ground and infrastructure responded to multiple earthquakes having different levels of shaking intensities. Furthermore, the magnitude and distances of the Darfield and Christchurch earthquakes are two of the scenarios often considered in US cities. Capturing details of lateral spreads and the impacts of liquefaction on well-built structures, such as office buildings and their interconnecting buried utilities, are critically important. Field reconnaissance will be focused on capturing perishable data and characterizing the soil profiles at select sites. This study will be coordinated through the GEER Association and performed in collaboration with the University of Canterbury (i.e., Professors Misko Cubrinovski, Brendon Bradley, and Mark Quigley) and the New Zealand government. This proposal requests the funding necessary for carefully documenting the perishable data in as much detail as possible. The broader impacts of this stem from documenting and learning from observations after design level earthquakes, which are invaluable to advancing the state-of-practice in earthquake engineering. Surveying the re-occurrence of liquefaction, documenting cases of liquefaction-induced ground movements, and evaluating the effects of liquefaction on buildings and lifelines advances fundamental understanding of earthquake effects and develops benchmarks for future analysis and design. The Darfield and Christchurch earthquakes, in particular, represent important earthquake scenarios for the U.S. Thus, there is a real need to document their geotechnical effects. Moreover, these earthquakes involve multi-hazard effects. The combined settlement caused by liquefaction during both earthquakes has exposed many Christchurch neighborhoods to increased threats from river and ocean flooding, including tsunami. Collection of data on liquefaction-induced ground movement will form the basis for flood risk assessment as well as earthquake vulnerability. The proposed study combines the efforts of several leading researchers to examine the effects of liquefaction holistically. The team also includes graduate students; this research will help develop their capabilities in earthquake engineering and allow them to establish research contacts in New Zealand. This award is co-funded by the Office of International Science and Engineering, East Asia and Pacific Program.