Coastal SEES (Track 2), Collaborative: Developing High Performance Green Infrastructure Systems to Sustain Coastal Cities

沿海城市排放的废水、污水和径流仍然是沿海地区污染的主要来源。现代城市的不透水性质只会加剧这一问题，因为城市地表径流增加，在具有单管废水输送系统的城市引发联合下水道溢流事件，并加剧城市洪水。包括西雅图、纽约和旧金山弗朗西斯科等美国城市在内的许多沿海城市正在转向城市绿色基础设施（GI），以减轻城市在沿海地区污染中的作用。城市绿化，如绿色屋顶、绿色街道、先进的行道树坑、雨水花园和生物洼地，将植被和渗透性重新引入城市景观，从而减少城市径流的体积和污染物负荷。然而，城市地理信息系统也具有对沿海城市可持续发展同样重要的共同效益。例如，在城市边界内增加植被和渗透性可以帮助冷却城市环境，捕获有害的空气传播颗粒，增加生物多样性并促进公共健康和福祉。尽管这些共同利益的重要性，目前大多数城市GI计划仍然侧重于通过被动滞留和保留降雨或径流来减少暴雨水量。考虑多个可持续性目标的GI设计的整体方法是罕见的，并且缺乏真实的时间监测和主动控制系统，以帮助确保个人或网络GI在期望的时间尺度上满足性能目标。此外，如何城市居民的看法，互动，并重视GI是很少研究或占在目前的城市GI计划。该项目将为下一代城市地理信息系统开发和测试一个新的框架，该框架将利用地理信息系统的多功能性促进沿海城市的可持续发展，建立一个实时监测和控制城市地理信息系统网络的平台，并考虑到人类在地理信息系统管理和长期功能中的作用。该项目将使用纽约市的布朗克斯河污水处理厂作为其生活试验台，计划在未来5年内投资2000万美元用于GI。GI植根于多个学科，该项目汇集了这些学科的专业知识，包括土木和环境工程，环境科学和植物科学/园艺。此外，该项目还整合了将GI绩效提升到新水平所需的其他学科的专业知识，包括城市规划和设计，气候科学，数据科学，环境微生物学，环境法律和政策，机构间协调，社区宣传和公民科学。 该项目的具体成果将包括：（一）关于城市和沿海环境中不同地理信息系统干预措施的整体环境绩效的新的科学数据;（二）地理信息系统干预措施网络系统级绩效的新模型;（三）预测气候变化下地理信息系统绩效的方法;（四）地理信息系统远程监测和控制平台;（v）法律和政策改革建议，使美国沿海城市能够以满足可持续发展目标所需的规模引入地理标志，以及（vi）对人类-地理标志相互作用及其在城市地理标志长期表现和维护中的作用的新理解。参与学校在布朗克斯河污水处理厂和公民参与地理标志性能监测都是项目工作的重要组成部分。跨学科项目团队将学术专业知识与行业，政府和非营利组织的专业知识相结合。

Discharge of wastewater, sewerage and runoff from coastal cities remains the dominant sources of coastal zone pollution. The impervious nature of modern cities is only exacerbating this problem by increasing runoff from city surfaces, triggering combined sewer overflow events in cities with single-pipe wastewater conveyance systems and intensifying urban flooding. Many coastal cities, including US cities like Seattle, New York and San Francisco, are turning to urban green infrastructure (GI) to mitigate the city's role in coastal zone pollution. Urban GI, such as green roofs, green streets, advanced street-tree pits, rainwater gardens and bio-swales, introduce vegetation and perviousness back into city landscapes, thereby reducing the volume and pollutant loading of urban runoff. Urban GI, however, also has co-benefits that are equally important to coastal city sustainability. For example, increasing vegetation and perviousness within city boundaries can help cool urban environments, trap harmful air-borne particulates, increase biodiversity and promote public health and well-being. Despite the significance of these co-benefits, most current urban GI programs still focus on achieving volume reduction of storm water through passive detention and retention of rainfall or runoff. Holistic approaches to GI design that consider multiple sustainability goals are rare, and real time monitoring and active control systems that help ensure individual or networked GI meet performance goals over desired time-scales are lacking. Furthermore, how city inhabitants view, interact with, and value GI is little studied or accounted for in current urban GI programs. This project will develop and test a new framework for the next generation of urban GI that exploits the multi-functionality of GI for coastal city sustainability, builds a platform for real-time monitoring and control of urban GI networks, and takes account of the role of humans in GI stewardship and long-term functionality. The project will use the Bronx River Sewershed in New York City, where a $20 million investment in GI is planed over the next 5-years, as its living test bed. GI has its roots in several disciplines, and the project brings together expertise from these disciplines, including civil and environmental engineering, environmental science, and plant science/ horticulture. In addition, the project integrates expertise from other disciplines needed to elevate GI performance to the next level, including urban planning and design, climate science, data science, environmental microbiology, environmental law and policy, inter-agency coordination, community outreach and citizen science. The specific outcomes of the project will include: (i) new, scientific data on the holistic, environmental performance of different GI interventions in an urban, coastal environment; (ii) new models for the system level performance of networks of GI interventions; (iii) methodologies for projecting GI performance under a changing climate; (iv) a platform for remote monitoring and control of GI; (v) proposals for law and policy changes to enable US coastal cities to introduce GI at scales necessary to meet sustainability goals, and (vi) new understanding of human-GI interactions and their role in the long-term performance and maintenance of urban GI. Engagement with schools in the Bronx River Sewershed and engagement of citizens in the GI performance monitoring are both important components of the project work. The interdisciplinary project team integrates academic expertise with expertise in industry, government and non-profit organizations.