Using the Susquehanna - Shale Hills CZO to Project from the Geological Past to the Anthropocene Future

临界区（CZ）是树木上部树枝与地下水深度之间的区域。人类正在以地质学上前所未有的速度改变这一地带。 维持生态系统将需要有能力预测CZ的未来。 只有通过共同努力来测量和模拟景观，才有可能对CZ进行前瞻性预测或“地球模型”。 在萨斯奎汉纳页岩山临界区观测站（CZO），科学家们正在通过对大气、陆地表面、生物群、土壤、岩石和水等方面进行建模来对CZ进行地球模拟。此外，这些模型最终将纳入人类活动的影响。这些水、能量、沉积物和溶质（WESS）通量模型将用于预测10^-3年（水）到10 ^6年（土壤）的变化。 对于CZO下面的沉积岩，模型将用于探索地质过去如何影响今天？的陆地表面，以及反过来，如何这种结构有助于控制今天的水和气体通量。CZO的中心重点是森林覆盖的Shale Hills流域（~0.1 km 2），但调查将包括多土地使用的Shavers Creek流域（165 km 2）。 这些嵌套流域将包括扩大的萨斯奎汉纳页岩山观测站（SSHO）。这种升级将迫使从测量“任何地方的一切”过渡到测量“只需要什么”，在一个更大的流域，多种岩石类型和土地使用。 CZO将被用来测试过度膨胀假说：预测CZ的未来演化需要地质历史的知识，今天CZ过程的观测，以及明天人类活动的情景。 CZO的一个重要重点是向非CZO科学家和公众转让知识。例如，CZO将为宾夕法尼亚州西部和北方页岩气钻探和水力压裂区域的两个PA流域开发水文模型。公众还将通过“CZO四季”音乐会参与其中，宾夕法尼亚州立大学的音乐家们将根据CZO多年的分水岭数据创作一个乐谱。

The Critical Zone (CZ) is the zone between the upper branches of trees and the depths of groundwater. Humans are changing this zone at geologically unprecedented rates. Maintaining ecosystems will require the ability to project the future of the CZ. Only with concerted efforts to measure and model the landscape will it be possible to make forward projections or "earthcasts" of the CZ. In the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), scientists are working to earthcast the CZ by modeling aspects of the atmosphere, land surface, biota, soil, rocks and water. In addition, the models will eventually incorporate impacts of human activity. These models for water, energy, sediment, and solute (WESS) fluxes will be used to project changes spanning from 10^-3 y (water) to 10^6 y (soil). For the sedimentary rocks underlying the CZO, the models will be used to explore how the geological past has impacted today?s land surface, and, in turn, how this structure contributes toward controlling today's water and gas fluxes. The central focus of the CZO is the forested Shale Hills watershed (~0.1 km2) but investigations will include the multiple-landuse Shavers Creek watershed (165 km2). These nested watersheds will comprise the expanded Susquehanna Shale Hills Observatory (SSHO). This upscaling will force a transition from measuring "everything everywhere" to measuring "only what is needed" in a larger watershed with multiple rock types and land use. The CZO will be used to test the over-arching hypothesis: To project CZ evolution into the future requires knowledge of geological history, observations of CZ processes today, and scenarios of human activities tomorrow. An important focus of the CZO will be to transfer knowledge to nonCZO scientists and to the public. For example, the CZO will develop hydrological models for two PA watersheds in the region of drilling and hydrofracking for shale gas in western and northern Pennsylvania. The public will also be engaged through a "CZO Four Seasons" music concert, where Penn State musicians will create a music score from many years of watershed data at the CZO.