Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Minaspata Archaeological Project: Wari Colonialism in the Lucre Basin, Cuzco, Peru

在克拉克·埃里克森博士的指导下，托马斯哈代将指导位于秘鲁库斯科附近卢克雷盆地的米纳斯帕塔考古遗址的挖掘工作。 米纳斯帕塔与理解库斯科地区社会和政治复杂性的长期上升有关，最终在印加帝国（公元1400-1532年）的崛起中达到顶峰，但特别重要的是公元600-1000年的时期。这一时期在秘鲁被称为“中地平线”，其特点是瓦里州在整个地区占据主导地位，瓦里州位于现代城市阿亚库乔以西几百英里处。 公元600年之前，瓦里人的国家向外扩张，可能征服了秘鲁中南部的几个地区，并在这些被吞并的领土上建立了殖民地。然而，由于没有文字系统的帮助，人们对这个殖民国家的政治结构以及瓦里统治对当地居民的社会和文化影响知之甚少--部分原因是在周边瓦里地区，很少有人对中地平线遗址进行研究。 米纳斯帕塔提供了一个理想的机会来更详细地研究殖民化的影响，因为该网站早在公元前800年就被占领，直到公元1532年西班牙征服者的到来结束。哈代先生的研究将采用最新的理论进展和高科技方法来研究由于瓦里人的殖民化而在米纳斯帕塔发生的社会和文化变革，这反过来将揭示前哥伦布时期复杂的政体为建立和维护主权而采用的殖民战略。库斯科地区的考古研究揭示了瓦里人的高度密集存在，特别是在卢克雷盆地。 这项投资最显著的标志是位于Minaspata 1公里处的大型遗址Pituitacta，这是秘鲁首都以外最大的Wari遗址。 20世纪60年代在米纳斯帕塔进行的有限发掘表明，该遗址在中地平线时期保持了当地的特征，这与考古学家关于库斯科地区瓦里国家性质的假设相矛盾。 哈代先生将采用的一个有用的概念是文化混杂，它可以用来审查当地居民在生活中采用各种瓦里社会和文化习俗的程度。 这可以通过分析发掘中发现的考古遗迹来确定，例如工具和工艺品（特别是陶瓷）的生产和设计，建筑结构和布局的转变，食品生产和消费习惯的转变，以及仪式和丧葬习俗的变化。 研究结果将对现代和古代殖民主义的理解产生更大的影响。这项研究将寻求在这些主题之外产生更广泛的影响。 哈代先生将在他的论文中使用这些调查，并将在未来的实地调查季节中寻求建立这些数据。 该项目还将有来自美国和秘鲁的考古学学生参加，促进未来学者之间的国际合作，并为来自各种背景的有抱负的考古学家提供经验。该项目的结果将在美国和南美洲的同行评审出版物中传播，原始数据将在网上公开使用。最后，该项目将涉及在秘鲁和美国的实验室进行的分析，促进科学技术与更人性化的人类学和考古学理论的结合。

Under the guidance of Dr. Clark Erickson, Thomas Hardy will direct excavations at the archaeological site of Minaspata, located in the Lucre Basin near Cuzco, Peru. Minaspata is relevant to understanding the long-term rise of social and political complexity in the Cuzco region, eventually culminating in the rise of the Inca Empire (AD 1400-1532), but of particular importance is the period from AD 600-1000. Known as the Middle Horizon in Peru, this period is marked by the pan-regional dominance of the Wari state, located several hundred miles to the west in the modern city of Ayacucho. The Wari state expanded outward slightly before AD 600, likely conquering several regions in south-central Peru and establishing colonies throughout these annexed territories. However, without the aid of a writing system, relatively little is known about the political structure of this colonizing state, or about the social and cultural effects Wari domination had on local populations - in part, because few local Middle Horizon sites have been studied in peripheral Wari regions. Minaspata provides an ideal opportunity to examine the effects of colonization in more detail, as the site was occupied from as early as 800 BC until the end of the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in AD 1532. Mr. Hardy's research will employ recent theoretical advancements and high-tech methodologies to examine the social and cultural transformations which occurred at Minaspata as a result of Wari colonization, which will in turn shed light on the colonial strategies which pre-Columbian complex polities employed to establish and maintain sovereignty.Archaeological research in the Cuzco area has revealed a highly intensive Wari presence particularly in the Lucre Basin. The most notable sign of this investment is the massive site of Pikillacta, located 1 kilometer from Minaspata, which is the largest Wari site in Peru outside of the capital city itself. Limited excavations at Minaspata in the 1960's suggested that the site maintained a local character during the Middle Horizon, which would contradict assumptions archaeologists have made regarding the nature of the Wari state in the Cuzco area. A useful concept which Mr. Hardy will employ is that of cultural hybridity, which can be used to examine the degrees to which local populations adopted various Wari social and cultural practices into their lives. This can be determined by analyzing archaeological remains recovered in excavations, such as the production and design of tools and crafts (particularly ceramics), transformations in architectural construction and layout, shifts in food production and consumption practices, and changes in ritual and mortuary practices. The results will have larger implications for understanding of colonialism, both modern and ancient.This research will seek to have broader impacts beyond these topics presented. Mr. Hardy will use these investigations for his dissertation, and will seek to build on the data in future field seasons. The project will also involve student archaeologists from the United States as well as from Peru, promoting international cooperation between future scholars, as well as providing experience to aspiring archaeologists from a variety of backgrounds. The results of this project will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications in both the U.S. and in South America, and the raw data will be made available for public use online. Finally, the project will involve analyses made at laboratories in Peru and in the U.S., promoting the integration of scientific techniques with more humanistic anthropological and archaeological theory.