MRI: TLALOCNet - Development of a continuous GPS-MET array in Mexico for atmospheric, climatic, and seismotectonic research in the Americas

1338091米勒这主要研究仪器（MRI）计划拨款支持在墨西哥开发一个连续的，实时的，低延迟的全球定位系统（cGPS）和同位气象传感包（温度，气压，相对湿度，表面风速）阵列，用于美洲的大气，气候和地震构造研究。 这个网络被命名为TLALOCNet，是根据阿兹特克的雨水、肥力和水之神命名的。 TLALOCNet将需要在墨西哥北方的西马德雷西方、墨西哥中部太平洋岛屿和墨西哥湾坎佩切湾岛屿上建造六个新的全球定位系统/气象站。 另外18个现有的cGPS站点沿着墨西哥西部沿海和墨西哥中部内陆地区，靠近墨西哥俯冲带，将升级现代GPS接收器和扼流环天线，升级电力和电信系统，气象传感器和外壳，使整个网络达到其他构造大地测量GPS网络的标准（例如，EarthScope板块边界观测台）。 TLALOCNet数据将通过联合国志愿人员组织网络服务公开、免费提供和查询。 TLALOCNet数据将提供潜力，以改变地推进对该区域大气动态的理解，该区域每年和每年都受到来自太平洋、墨西哥湾和加勒比地区的大量大气水分通量的影响。 GPS/Met能够通过使用多频GPS卫星信号的延迟时间来推导出GPS/Met站上方锥体中地球大气中的总可降水量（TPW），该延迟时间受到从大气顶部到接收器天线的大气湿度的积分量的影响。 对TPW的GPS-Met观测补充了通过卫星遥感方法和气象气球发射的无线电探空仪气象传感器对大气中水汽的垂直和水平时空分布的其他测量。 GPS-Met的真实的优势在于，它是一种全天候观测，能够以成本效益高的方式在必要尺度上提供更大的时空覆盖范围，以增进对中尺度对流系统（MCS）成因和演变的了解。 MCS在热带地区产生了惊人的降水量和强度，特别是当水分冷却并沉淀在大气与山区地形的动态相互作用中时。 在北美季风期间，MCS可能占墨西哥西北部和美国西南部每年总降水量的50-70%。 该地区的季节性和年度TPW可能对气候变化敏感，由此产生的水文气象影响可能会造成大规模的社会危害（例如，洪水，山体滑坡），并对墨西哥和美国西南部的水资源管理产生重大影响。 TLALOCNet还将维持和加强对墨西哥西部俯冲带动力学和地震周期的持续详细研究。 在这一地区的实时，高速率的GPS观测将推进俯冲地震周期的研究，包括同震破裂过程的研究，震后断层后滑和粘弹性反弹，幕式震颤和滑动（与辅助，但同期的地震观测），和地震间的弹性应变。

1338091 MillerThis Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) Program grant supports the development of a continuous, real-time, low latency Global Positioning System (cGPS) and collocated meteorological sensing package (temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, surface wind speed) array in Mexico for atmospheric, climatic, and seismotectonic research in the Americas. The network has been coined TLALOCNet, after the Aztec God of rain fertility and water. TLALOCNet will entail the construction of six new GPS/Met stations located in the Sierra Madre Occidental of northern Mexico, islands in the Pacific off central Mexico and two sites on island in the Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico. An additional 18 existing cGPS sites along the western Coastal and interior regions of central Mexico proximal to the Mexico subduction zone will be upgraded with modern GPS receivers and choke ring antennas, upgraded power and telecommunication systems, meteorological sensors, and enclosures to bring the full network to the standards of the other tectonic geodesy GPS networks (e.g., EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory). TLALOCNet data will be openly and freely available and discovery via UNAVCO web services. TLALOCNet data will offer the potential to transformably advance understanding of atmospheric dynamics in a region that is impacted seasonally and annually with large fluxes of atmospheric moisture from the Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. GPS/Met enables the derivation of total precipitable water (TPW) in the Earth's atmosphere in a cone above GPS/Met stations by using the delay time of multiple frequency GPS satellite signals that are influenced by the integrated amount of atmospheric moisture from the top of the atmosphere to the receiver antenna. GPS-Met observations of TPW complement other measurements of the vertical and horizontal spatial and temporal distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere through satellite remote sensing methods and weather balloon launched radiosonde meteorological sensors. The real advantage of GPS-Met is that it is an all-weather observation that can cost-effectively provide increased spatial and temporal coverage at scales necessary to improve understanding of the causation and evolution of mesoscale convective systems (MCS). MCS give rise to spectacular volumes and intensity of precipitation in the tropics, especially as that moisture cools and precipitates in response to the atmosphere's dynamic interaction with mountainous terrain. MCS may account for between 50-70% of total precipitation annually in northwestern Mexico and the southwestern U.S. during the North American Monsoon. Seasonal and annual TPW in this region is likely to be sensitive to changing climate and resultant hydrometeorological impacts are likely to present large scale societal hazards (e.g., floods, landslides) and have significant water resource management implications for both Mexico and the southwestern U.S. TLALOCNet will also sustain and enhance continued detailed studies of subduction zone dynamics and the earthquake cycle in Western Mexico. Real-time, high rate GPS observations in this region will advance studies of the subduction earthquake cycle, including studies of coseismic rupture processes, postseismic fault afterslip and viscoelastic rebound, episodic tremor and slip (in conjunction with ancillary but contemporaneous seismic observations) , and interseismic elastic strain.