Doctoral Dissertation Research: The Rise of Iron in the Land of the Golden Fleece: The Technology and Organization of Metal Production in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Colchis

博士论文研究：金羊毛之地铁的兴起：青铜时代晚期和铁器时代早期科尔基斯金属生产的技术和组织

• 批准号: 1338893
• 负责人: Clifford Lamberg-Karlovsky
• 金额: $ 2.52万
• 依托单位: Harvard University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-08-15 至 2016-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1338893&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Rise; Iron

The modern perception that technological success and failure are exclusively the result to objective, quantifiable material properties has colored the way scholars have studied technological change in the past. The development of metallurgy has been particularly susceptible to these misperceptions, in part because metals remain a fundamental part of modern industry. A broader anthropological perspective is necessary to understand how social and cultural factors influence technological change.The NSF-supported dissertation research, to be carried out by Nathaniel Erb-Satullo with the supervision on Professor Karl Lamberg-Karlovsky, will investigate a number of key questions about the technology and organization of metal production at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (c. 1500-500 BC). In many areas of western Asia, the beginnings of widespread iron usage are correlated with substantial political and social change. Archaeologists have long sought to place this technological change into a broader framework of political and social changes. Some argue that the rise of iron technology was related to a breakdown in elite-controlled copper and tin trade networks, leading to the exploitation of geologically abundant iron ores. Others argue that the development related to a series of technological innovations which made iron a harder and more effective tool than bronze. Little research has focused on this transition from the perspective of the metal producers themselves. The research program funded by this grant will examine the relationship between copper and iron production, with a focus on the primary contexts of production. The principal investigators hypothesize that that iron and bronze production were closely linked with one another, and that early iron producers drew extensively on knowledge gained from earlier technological traditions. Moreover, initial data suggests that, in contrast to other more intensively studied regions, bronze production was highly dispersed, with smelting, casting, smithing occurring at large numbers of small-scale sites. This mode of organization contrasts dramatically from more intensively studied regions of the Middle East, calling into question long-held notions about iron representing a "democratic" alternative to elite-controlled bronze.Using a combination of survey, test excavations, and laboratory analysis of production debris, Erb-Satullo and his British and Georgian colleagues will test these hypotheses, examining technological decision-making in its social, economic, and political context. In addition to addressing key questions about the development of iron production in western Asia, the research will contribute to the growing body of research which shows that technological invention and adoption is deeply embedded within a society's social and cultural systems. Understanding these dimensions of technological change is essential in a world where rapid technology transfer offers both opportunities and pitfalls for solving many pressing social and environmental problems. More directly, this research will foster increased collaboration between Georgian and Western scholars, and increase awareness of the Republic of Georgia. Despite its rich history, varied landscapes, and traditions of hospitality, Georgia remains a little known country in the West. Greater engagement between Georgia and the international community, through collaborative projects and responsible tourism, can assist Georgia in facing the many challenges of a newly independent country.

现代的看法是，技术成功和失败完全是客观，可量化的材料特性的结果，使学者们过去研究技术变革的方式染色。冶金的发展特别容易受到这些误解的影响，部分原因是金属仍然是现代工业的基本组成部分。要了解社会和文化因素如何影响技术变革，必须进行更广泛的人类学观点。纳撒尼尔·埃尔布·萨图洛（Nathaniel Erb-Satullo）将在Karl Lamberg-Karlovsky教授上进行监督，将进行NSF支持的论文研究，并将调查Irne of Ender of Bronse of the Bronse and of the Bronse and of the Bronse and of the Bronse and of the Bronse and of the Bronse and of Mether的重要问题。 BC）。在西亚的许多地区，广泛使用铁的开始与实质性的政治和社会变革相关。考古学家长期以来一直试图将这种技术变革置于更广泛的政治和社会变革框架中。有人认为，铁技术的兴起与精英控制的铜和锡贸易网络的分解有关，从而导致剥削地质上丰富的铁矿石。其他人则认为，与一系列技术创新有关的发展使铁成为比青铜更难，更有效的工具。从金属生产商本身的角度来看，很少的研究重点是这种过渡。该赠款资助的研究计划将研究铜和铁生产之间的关系，重点是生产的主要背景。主要研究人员假设铁和青铜的生产与彼此之间有着紧密联系，并且早期的铁生产商广泛地借鉴了从早期的技术传统中获得的知识。此外，初始数据表明，与其他更深入研究的区域相比，青铜的生产是高度分散的，冶炼，铸造，在大量的小型地点发生。这种组织模式与中东研究的地区进行了鲜明的对比，呼吁人们对铁的质疑，即对铁代表精英控制的青铜的“民主”替代品的概念。使用调查，测试发掘和实验室分析的生产杂物的结合，Erb-Satullo及其英国和Georgian的经济性，对这些疾病的经济进行了测试，并进行了调查，以进行这些企业的经济性，并制造了这些秘密的秘密，并制作了这些秘密，并制作了这些疾病，并制造了这些疾病，并制作了这些疾病的疾病，并制作了这些方法，并制定了这些方法，并制作了这些方法，并制定了这些方法，并进行了研究，这些疾病的疾病是，对这些疾病进行了研究。政治背景。除了解决有关西亚铁生产发展的关键问题外，该研究还将有助于不断增长的研究体系，这表明技术发明和采用措施已深深地嵌入社会的社会和文化系统中。在一个快速技术转移提供了解决许多紧迫的社会和环境问题的世界中，了解技术变革的这些维度至关重要。更直接地，这项研究将促进佐治亚州和西方学者之间的合作，并提高对佐治亚共和国的认识。尽管历史悠久，景观各异和款待传统，但佐治亚州仍然是西方鲜为人知的国家。通过合作项目和负责任的旅游业，佐治亚州与国际社会之间的更多参与可以帮助佐治亚州面临新独立国家的许多挑战。