Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Human Adaptations to Arid Climates

博士论文改进补助金:人类对干旱气候的适应

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    1341777
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 2.03万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2013
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2013-09-01 至 2015-08-31
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

While there is clear evidence of human occupation of the hyper-arid Namib Desert of western Namibia stretching back more than a hundred thousand years ago to the Middle Pleistocene epoch, very little is known about how early people were able to adapt to the harsh climatic conditions there. The newly discovered site of Erb Tanks Rockshelter, the only known archaeological site from the Central Namib region with dated layers from both the Middle and Later Stone Ages of the Pleistocene, offers the opportunity to provide insight about how human groups adapted to life in the desert through their patterns of land use and resource acquisition strategies. Since, primarily for historical reasons, most paleoanthropological research in southern Africa has focused on regions with much milder environmental conditions, new research in the extreme conditions of the Namib will greatly enhance understanding of the full range of adaptive capabilities possessed by early modern human groups. This, in turn, will contribute to answering fundamental anthropological questions of how, why, and when humans gained the abilities to successfully adapt to nearly any environment on Earth and survive through major climatic shifts.In the Fall of 2013, advised by Dr. James Enloe and with the collaboration of colleagues and students from the University of Namibia and the Swakopmund Municipal Museum, Theodore Marks will undertake a field survey to identify and locate the sources of raw materials that people at Erb Tanks used for manufacturing stone tools. In the field and with samples in the laboratory, Mr. Marks will employ cutting-edge geochemical analyses, including portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF), Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), to identify the chemical "fingerprints" of the individual sources of stone that people exploited in the past for making tools. By comparing the chemical fingerprints of source samples with the chemical fingerprints of stone raw materials in the archaeological collection at Erb Tanks, the research team led by Dr. Enloe and Mr. Marks will be able to identify where particular rocks in the prehistoric toolkit were sourced and begin to re-trace the movements of ancient populations across the desert landscape. These data will enable the team to learn a great deal about where human hunter-gatherers focused their activities on the landscape, how they went about acquiring vital resources, and how these patterns changed through time, possibly in response to long-term climatic changes. Apart from addressing basic regional and global research questions, this project will have broader impacts for both American and Namibian scientists. For Mr. Marks, the project will serve as his doctoral dissertation research and form the culmination of his graduate training. The project will also involve side-by-side collaboration with senior Namibian colleagues and training of undergraduate students from the University of Namibia. This partnership will enhance international scientific relationships as well as help develop independent research capacity and familiarity with modern analytical methods for the next generation of Namibian archaeologists.
虽然有明确的证据表明,人类在纳米比亚西部极度干旱的纳米布沙漠的居住时间可以追溯到10万多年前的中更新世,但人们对早期人类如何适应那里恶劣的气候条件知之甚少。新发现的Erb Tanks Rockshelter遗址是纳米比亚中部地区唯一已知的具有更新世中期和晚期石器时代地层的考古遗址,它为了解人类群体如何通过土地利用模式和资源获取策略适应沙漠生活提供了机会。由于主要是历史原因,在南部非洲的大多数古人类学研究都集中在环境条件温和得多的地区,在纳米比亚极端条件下的新研究将极大地增强对早期现代人类群体所拥有的全面适应能力的理解。反过来,这将有助于回答人类如何、为什么以及何时获得成功适应地球上几乎任何环境并在重大气候变化中生存的能力等基本人类学问题。2013年秋天,在James Enloe博士的建议下,在纳米比亚大学和Swakopmund市博物馆的同事和学生的合作下,Theodore Marks将进行一次实地调查,以确定Erb Tanks的人们用于制造石器的原材料的来源。在现场和实验室的样品中,马克斯先生将采用尖端的地球化学分析,包括便携式x射线荧光(pXRF)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和中子活化分析(NAA),以确定过去人们用来制造工具的单个石头来源的化学“指纹”。通过将来源样本的化学指纹与Erb Tanks考古收集的石头原材料的化学指纹进行比较,由恩洛博士和马克斯先生领导的研究小组将能够确定史前工具包中特定岩石的来源,并开始重新追踪古代人口在沙漠景观中的活动。这些数据将使研究小组能够大量了解人类狩猎采集者将活动集中在景观上的哪些地方,他们如何获取重要资源,以及这些模式如何随着时间的推移而变化,可能是对长期气候变化的反应。除了解决基本的区域和全球研究问题之外,这个项目将对美国和纳米比亚的科学家产生更广泛的影响。对于马克斯先生来说,这个项目将作为他的博士论文研究,并成为他研究生训练的高潮。该项目还将涉及与纳米比亚资深同事并肩合作,并培训纳米比亚大学的本科生。这种伙伴关系将加强国际科学关系,并帮助发展独立的研究能力,使下一代纳米比亚考古学家熟悉现代分析方法。

项目成果

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James Enloe其他文献

James Enloe的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('James Enloe', 18)}}的其他基金

Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Roles of Symbolic Communication
博士论文改进补助金:符号沟通的作用
  • 批准号:
    1832873
  • 财政年份:
    2018
  • 资助金额:
    $ 2.03万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
Excavation Testing of Ground Penetrating Survey at Verberie, France
法国韦尔贝里探地勘察开挖测试
  • 批准号:
    0817575
  • 财政年份:
    2008
  • 资助金额:
    $ 2.03万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant

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Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Investigation of Archaeological Communities of Practice
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