Discourses about the Halakhah in early Judaism and Christianity: Who should eat when and where in whose company?

对哈拉卡的研究通常指向哈拉卡可能的救世意义。然而，对资料的批判性审查表明，将哈拉卡单独视为救赎手段的这种片面观点并不完全正确。这是因为主要的支持文件并不是围绕着律法的一般重要性，而是更多地关注于源于耶稣和他的门徒的某些行为和行动的具体问题。关于哈拉卡的话语集中在关于离婚（马可福音10:1-12；路加福音16:16-18/马太福音5:31-32；马太福音19:1-9）、安息日（路加福音14:5/马太福音12:11-12；马可福音2:23-3:6；路加福音13:10-17；14:1-6）和膳食的问题上。食物的话题被广泛讨论，因为有关于禁止和允许的食物的规则（使徒行传15:20）。23-29;林前8-10；罗马书14)，允许进食的方式（路加福音11:39/马太福音23:25-26；马可福音7:1-23）和餐桌交通（马可福音2:14-17；路加福音7:33-35/马太福音11:18-19；使徒行传10-11）。这些哈拉基话语表明，法律问题首先是一个实践伦理问题。早期基督教关于律法的辩论与早期犹太人关于律法的论述相对应，因为它们都集中在安息日，食物和纯洁的要求，婚姻问题以及与外邦人的关系上。这些研究的目的是在对哈拉卡关于犹太教日常生活的具体问题的证据陈述的背景下，在对符类传统中出现的哈拉卡话语进行检查，以便在更广泛的背景下讨论早期基督教对律法的实践。由于关于婚姻和安息日的问题已经被广泛地研究过，所以这次工作的重点将放在食物的综合体上。

Research on the Halakhah is usually directed towards the possible soteriological meaning of the Halakhah. Nevertheless, a critical review of the sources shows that this one-sided view of the Halakhah solely as a means of salvation is not entirely correct. This is because the main supporting documents are not centered around the general importance of the law, but much rather focus on specific questions which originate from certain behaviors and actions of Jesus and his disciples. The discourses about the Halakhah concentrate on questions concerning divorce (Mark 10:1-12; Luke 16:16-18/Matt 5:31-32; Matt 19:1-9), the Sabbath (Luke 14:5/Matt 12:11-12; Mark 2:23-3:6; Luke 13:10-17; 14:1-6) and meals. The topic of food is broadly debated since there are rules concerning prohibited and permitted food (Acts 15:20. 23-29; 1 Cor 8-10; Rom 14), the permitted way of food intake (Luke 11:39/Matt 23:25-26; Mark 7:1-23) and table fellowship (Mark 2:14-17; Luke 7:33-35/Matt 11:18-19; Acts 10-11). These halakhic discourses show that the question of the law is first and foremost a question of practical ethics. The debates about the law in early Christianity correspond to early Jewish discourses about the law as far as they are both concentrating on the Sabbath, food and purity requirements, marital matters and the dealing with Gentiles. The goal of these studies is the examination of the halakhic discourses occuring in the synoptic tradition in the context of evidenced statements on specific questions of the Halakhah concerning daily life in Judaism in order to discuss the early Christian practice of the law in a wider context. Since the questions concerning marriage as well as the Sabbath have been studied extensively before, the focus of this work will lie on the complex of food.