Precursory deformation at Southeast Asian volcanoes

该项目的目标是使用空间大地测量方法来搜索东南亚火山的前兆膨胀。印度尼西亚和菲律宾占世界人口的15%。美国的几座活火山都是由这些活火山引起的，包括1815年导致气候变化的塔博拉火山、1883年的喀拉喀托火山和1991年的皮纳图博火山爆发。火山爆发之前，不可避免地会有新的岩浆上升到浅层储存层，导致地面膨胀，这是卫星可以观察到的。对膨胀的探测可以精确地指向火山，因为火山在不久的将来更有可能爆发。我们将使用来自各种国际SAR卫星的干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）观测结果。数据来源包括2007年至2011年运行的日本ALOS-1卫星，以及计划于2014年初发射的欧洲Sentinel-1和日本ALOS-2卫星。我们的目标是为该地区编制一份为期10年的火山变形清单。该项目将解决的科学问题包括：是否所有或仅特定类型的火山都表现出先兆膨胀，膨胀是否在喷发之前立即发生，持续多长时间，火山在不喷发的情况下能维持多少膨胀，以及岩浆向地表上升和岩浆储存深度的控制因素是什么。我们还将把卫星观测与印度尼西亚火山调查局和菲律宾火山学和地震学研究所的地面观测结合起来，努力改进活跃变形火山岩浆管道系统的模型。该项目将促进东南亚地质灾害自然实验室的发展，作为全球地球观测系统（GEOSS）的一部分。

The goal of the project is to use space-geodetic methods to search for precursory inflation at volcanoes in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and the Philippines are home for about 15% of the world?s active volcanoes, which are responsible for some of the largest known historic eruptions, including the climate-changing 1815 Tabora, the 1883 Krakatoa and the 1991 Pinatubo eruptions. Volcanic eruptions are inevitably preceded by the ascent of new magma to shallow storage levels, resulting in swelling of the ground surface, which is observable with satellites. The detection of inflation could pin-point to volcanoes, which are more likely to erupt in the near future. We will use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations from a variety of international SAR satellites. The data sources include the Japanese ALOS-1 satellite which operated from 2007 to 2011, and the European Sentinel-1 and Japanese ALOS-2 satellites which are both scheduled for launch in early 2014. Our objective is to develop a 10-year inventory of deforming volcanoes for the region. Scientific questions this project will address include weather all or only particular types of volcanoes exhibit precursory inflation, whether inflation occurs immediately prior to an eruption and for how long, and how much inflation a volcano can sustain without eruption, and what are the controls for the ascent of magma towards the surface and for the depth of magma storage. We also will combine the satellite observations with ground-based observations of the Indonesian Volcanological Survey and the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology in an effort to improve models for the magma plumbing systems of actively deforming volcanoes. This project will contribute to the development of the Southeast Asia Geohazard Natural Laboratory as part of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).