Collaborative Research: RAPID: GeoGONAF - An observatory to study the active deformation and strain transfer along the Izmit Bay-Marmara Sea segment of the North Anatolian Fault

三个钻孔应变仪将安装在由国际支持的北安那托利亚断层地球物理观测站提供的钻孔中。钻孔应变仪将增强科学仪器在马尔马拉海底Mw7级地震可能震源区附近监测超慢过程的能力。在过去的1000年里，一系列破坏性的地震在几十年的时间里沿着土耳其的北安那托利亚断层向伊斯坦布尔传播了两次，最后一次地震灾难性地摧毁了这座城市。最近一次发生在1509年，当时人口约20万，死亡1万人。现在的人口是2000万，建筑更加脆弱，当前序列的最后一次地震被认为迫在眉睫。一个提高安装在伊斯坦布尔附近的一套深层地震仪的探测能力的机会出现了，这将使我们能够监测导致这种失败的构造过程。伊斯坦布尔的安纳托利亚断层设置在许多方面类似于旧金山的圣安德烈亚斯断层设置，我们设想，我们从下一次伊斯坦布尔地震中吸取的教训将成为未来加州破坏性冲击的模板。该项目需要RAPID的资金来安装应变仪，使我们能够在大地震发生之前、期间和之后对这段断层进行大地测量观测，结合GONAF的地震数据，将为了解地震过程提供有价值的数据。此外，这项调查将逐步提高人们对伊斯坦布尔及其地震危险性的认识。对周边环境有直接的社会效益。该奖项被指定为全球风险基金奖，由美国国家科学基金会国际科学与工程办公室共同资助。

Three borehole strainmeters will be installed into boreholes provided by internationally supported Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault (GONAF). The borehole strainmeters will enhance the ability of the scientific instrumentation to monitor ultra-slow process near the probable source zone of the Mw7 earthquake that is soon expected beneath the Marmara sea. Twice in the past 1000 years a sequence of damaging earthquakes has propagated during the course of a few decades along the North Anatolian fault in Turkey towards Istanbul, the final earthquake in the sequence catastrophically destroying the city. This occurred most recently in 1509 when the population was about 200,000 and ten thousand people died. The population is now 20 million, the building stock more fragile and the last earthquake of the current sequence is considered imminent. An opportunity to enhance the detection capability of a suite of deep seismometers installed near Istanbul has arisen that would permit us to monitor the tectonic processes leading to this failure. The Anatolian fault setting of Istanbul in many ways resembles the San Andreas Fault setting of San Francisco, and we envisage that what we learn from the next Istanbul earthquake will act as a template for future damaging shocks in California. The RAPID funding for the project is necessary to install the strainmeters allowing us to make geodetic observations of this segment of the fault before, during and after a large earthquake, which combined with the seismic data from GONAF will provide valuable data for understanding earthquake processes. In addition this investigation will incrementally raise awareness of seismic hazard of Istanbul and it?s surrounding environment with direct societal benefits.This award is designated as a Global Venture Fund Award and is being co-funded by NSF's Office of International Science and Engineering.