SG: ARTS: Toward a monographic treatment of Calyceraceae: fieldwork, phylogeny, and character evolution

比较生物学的基础在于对生物体在进化过程中产生的相似性和差异性的研究。 比较方法在生物多样性研究中的一个重要应用是姐妹谱系的比较，姐妹谱系是彼此最近的亲属，经历了非常不同的进化历史。 通过比较这些血统的命运，科学家们能够理解为什么有些人成功，而另一些人则失败。 一个突出的例子是向日葵科，菊科，和它不太知名的姐妹科，萼科。菊科是最成功的植物科之一，在世界各地有超过20，000种，包括许多经济上重要的植物，如向日葵，雏菊，莴苣，朝鲜蓟和蒲公英。另一方面，Calyceraceae的进化只产生了56个物种，所有这些物种都在南美洲南部发现。尽管有大量的物种，菊科研究人员正在发展一个家庭的理解？的进化轨迹和特征，但很少有人知道关于萼科。这项研究项目将有助于了解这两个家庭的共同祖先是什么样的。这将允许仔细分析哪些变化允许菊科成功地产生巨大的多样性，包括发展经济上重要的性状，并抑制了Calyceraceae多样化。该项目将促进两国科学家、研究生和本科生之间的互动，从而加强国际合作和文化意识。将与阿根廷的研究人员合作开展实地工作，收集56种萼科植物。该材料将用于产生分子遗传学和形态性状矩阵。 叶绿体和核基因的比较DNA测序将进行推断在家庭的系统发育关系。此外，一个形态性状矩阵，重要的花和果实的特点，将产生和分析，在与植物发生学研究的性格状态在萼科的演变。 这一数据对萼科将补充知识已经为菊科允许解决强大的比较生物学问题。 蜡梅科所有种之间的系统发育关系是什么？什么是祖先的花和果实性状性状状态在萼科，这些是如何与那些在菊科？ 研究的最后产品包括双语分类修订，包括二分法和多分类法检索表，将以印刷版和电子版提供。为了增加代表性不足的群体的参与，学生将通过杨百翰大学的多元文化学生中心招募。将与两名地区高中教师一起开发涵盖国家核心能力的客座演讲和实验室练习。还将使用适合年龄的材料为杨百翰大学生命科学博物馆开发一个旋转显示器，该博物馆经常有K-12学生参观。

The foundation of comparative biology rests on the investigation of organismal similarities and differences that are generated through evolutionary processes. One important application of the comparative method in the study of biodiversity is the comparison of sister lineages, groups which are each other's closest relative, that have undergone very different evolutionary histories. By comparing the fates of these lineages, scientists are able to understand why some are successful and others are not. A prominent example is the sunflower family, the Asteraceae, and its less well-known sister family, the Calyceraceae. The Asteraceae has been one of the most successful plant families with over 20,000 species spread throughout the world, including many economically important plants, such as sunflowers, daises, lettuce, artichokes and dandelions. The evolution of the Calyceraceae on the other hand has resulted in only 56 species, all found in southern South America. Despite the large number of species, Asteraceae researchers are developing an understanding of the family?s evolutionary trajectory and traits, however little is known about the Calyceraceae. This research project will develop an understanding of what the common ancestor of these two families was like. This will allow a careful analysis of which changes allowed the Asteraceae to succeed in generating great diversity, including developing economically important traits, and which inhibited Calyceraceae diversification. This project will foster interactions among scientists, graduate, and undergraduate students in two countries, thus enhancing international collaboration and cultural awareness. Field work will be undertaken in collaboration with researchers in Argentina to collect the 56 species of the Calyceraceae. This material will be used to generate a molecular phylogeny and a morphological trait matrix. Comparative DNA sequencing of both chloroplast and nuclear genes will be undertaken to infer phylogenetic relationships in the family. Additionally a morphological trait matrix, of important flower and fruit characteristics, will be generated and analyzed in conjunction with the phylogeny to study the evolution of character states in the Calyceraceae. This data on the Calyceraceae will complement the knowledge already available for the Asteraceae allowing for addressing powerful comparative biology questions. What are the phylogenetic relationships among all species of Calyceraceae? What are the ancestral floral and fruit character traits states in Calyceraceae and how do these relate to those in the Asteraceae? The final products of the research include bilingual taxonomic revision, including dichotomous and polyclave keys, which will be made available in both print and electronic versions. To increase participation by underrepresented groups, students will be recruited via Brigham Young University's Multicultural Student Center. Guest presentations and lab exercises covering state-core competencies will be developed with two area high school instructors. A rotating display will also be developed, using age-appropriate materials, for the BYU Life Science Museum, which is heavily visited by K-12 students.