New insights into the response of reef corals to climate change using the symbiont to host cell ratio as a metric of bleaching susceptibility

珊瑚礁生态系统的长期未来取决于珊瑚作为重要栖息地建设者的持续存在。全球珊瑚礁面临的环境威胁包括慢性和急性热应力（可能导致？珊瑚白化”是共生藻类被驱逐的结果）、二氧化碳增加和营养物污染。该项目将使用一种新的分子技术评估这些压力源的独立和相互作用的影响，该技术表明珊瑚漂白的敏感性取决于珊瑚组织中共生体：宿主（S：H）细胞的比例。珊瑚与较高的比例（更多的共生体）预测更容易受到热应力，这表明影响共生体密度的非生物因素可以直接影响耐热性。这种新的共生体密度的指标是生理相关性，并已揭示模式，从目前使用的指标不同，从而提供了新的见解，这些共生体的动态。该项目还将继续开发和应用这些方法，以进一步了解珊瑚-藻类共生的生态学，同时帮助阐明这些关键生态系统工程师对其环境复杂变化的反应。 拟议的活动将帮助我们了解共生伙伴的调节如何权衡对环境的反应，并与珊瑚对环境压力的不同敏感性有关。发展量化共生体丰度的分子测定是一种技术资源，将有助于推进珊瑚生态学领域。该项目将培训一名博士后研究员和几名学生（研究生和本科生），帮助扩大一个新的科学运行海水实验室，建立一个新的珊瑚苗圃作为教育资源，并将纳入K-12外联和参与大众媒体的持续活动，以扩大公众外联。

The long-term future of reef ecosystems depends on the continued persistence of corals as essential habitat builders. Environmental threats facing coral reefs globally include chronic and acute thermal stress (which can result in ?coral bleaching" as a result of the expulsion of their symbiotic algae), increasing CO2, and nutrient pollution. This project will assess the independent and interactive effects of these stressors using a new molecular based technique showing that coral bleaching susceptibility depends on the symbiont:host (S:H) cell ratio in coral tissues. Corals with higher ratios (more symbionts) are predicted to be more susceptible to thermal stress, suggesting that abiotic factors that affect symbiont densities can directly influence thermal tolerance. This new metric of symbiont density is of physiological relevance and has already revealed patterns that differ from currently used metrics, thus providing new insights into the dynamics of these symbioses. This project will also continue the development and application of these methods to further our understanding of the ecology of coral-algal symbioses, while helping to elucidate the responses of these critical ecosystem engineers to complex changes in their environment. The proposed activities will help us understand how tradeoffs in the regulation of symbiotic partners respond to the environment and relate to the differential susceptibility of corals to environmental stress.The development of molecular assays to quantify symbiont abundance represents a technical resource that will help advance the field of coral ecology. This project will train a postdoctoral researcher and several students (graduate and undergraduate), helps expand a new state-of-the-science running seawater laboratory, establishes a new coral nursery as an educational resource, and will be incorporated into ongoing activities in K-12 outreach and involvement with mass media for broader public outreach.