Contested resource inputs to science: How institutional provisions on the access and use of materials and data affect research collaboration structures and outcomes

对科学的有争议的资源投入：有关材料和数据的获取和使用的制度规定如何影响研究合作结构和成果

• 批准号: 1360166
• 负责人: Eric Welch
• 金额: $ 29.94万
• 依托单位: University of Illinois at Chicago
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-07-01 至 2015-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1360166&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Contested; resource; inputs; science; How

Biological materials and data are important components for conducing scientific research in most fields of science in the United States and in other countries. Biological material and data are increasingly subject to national and international policies that monitor and regulate the ownership and sharing of these resources. These policies may create barriers to the advancement of science by increasing costs, reducing public access, and creating imbalances in the availability of important resources for science production. There is little systematic research investigating how these policies affect scientific research collaboration and outputs. This study investigates how the international and national rules, laws, organizations, and policies that regulate the access, use, and exchange of biological material and data affect scientific collaboration, resource flows, and science production (e.g. new knowledge, inventions). Results from this research will provide an empirical basis for national and international policy-making and implementation. The project findings will also help the science community as it seeks to manage material and data exchange in ways that facilitate collaboration, maintain high quality science, and effectively respond to policy demands.This project examines how data and material sharing and collaboration networks adapt to changing national and multinational policies. Preliminary research indicates that scientists navigating the new rules and regulatory systems make decisions about how best to exploit their existing networks to obtain biological resources and data or to identify alternative resource providers. How materials and data are shared within a scientific community depends on the attributes of the researchers' collaborators, the capacity for developing new collaborators, the value of the resources sought, exigencies placed on resources, research goals, and the capacity and willingness of scientists to access new resources. This project assesses the impact of both social exchange costs (e.g. reciprocity) and exchange transaction costs (e.g. formal agreements and contracts) on the different resource acquisition strategies of scientists across four different fields of science. The research develops testable hypotheses within a research design that applies network analysis and theory to longitudinal survey, ego network, and bibliometric data. The findings will fill a fundamental gap in the science of science policy literature by demonstrating how institutional controls affect collaboration networks and outcomes. Findings and dissemination activities will inform ongoing design and implementation of national and multinational policies and mechanisms that affect access and exchange of data and materials for high quality science and enable policy makers to better identify the levers for managing the exchange and sharing of biological materials and data to advance scientific production.

生物材料和数据是美国和其他国家大多数科学领域进行科学研究的重要组成部分。生物材料和数据日益受到国家和国际政策的制约，这些政策监测和管理这些资源的所有权和共享。这些政策可能会增加成本，减少公众获取，并在科学生产的重要资源供应方面造成不平衡，从而阻碍科学的进步。很少有系统的研究调查这些政策如何影响科研合作和产出。本研究调查了国际和国家的规则，法律，组织和政策，规范生物材料和数据的获取，使用和交换如何影响科学合作，资源流动和科学生产（如新知识，发明）。这项研究的结果将为国家和国际政策的制定和执行提供经验基础。该项目的研究结果还将有助于科学界管理材料和数据交换，以促进合作，保持高质量的科学，并有效地响应政策需求。该项目研究了数据和材料共享与合作网络如何适应不断变化的国家和多国政策。初步研究表明，科学家在新的规则和监管体系中导航，决定如何最好地利用现有网络获取生物资源和数据，或确定替代资源提供者。如何在科学界内共享材料和数据取决于研究人员的合作者的属性、培养新合作者的能力、所寻求资源的价值、对资源的要求、研究目标以及科学家获取新资源的能力和意愿。该项目评估了社会交换成本（例如互惠）和交换交易成本（例如正式协议和合同）对科学家在四个不同科学领域的不同资源获取策略的影响。本研究将网路分析与理论应用于纵向调查、自我网路与文献计量资料，并在研究设计中发展出可验证的假设。这些发现将通过展示机构控制如何影响合作网络和成果，填补科学政策文献科学中的一个根本空白。调查结果和传播活动将为正在进行的国家和多国政策和机制的设计和执行提供信息，这些政策和机制影响高质量科学数据和材料的获取和交流，并使决策者能够更好地确定管理生物材料和数据交流和共享的杠杆，以促进科学生产。