Contested resource inputs to science: How institutional provisions on the access and use of materials and data affect research collaboration structures and outcomes

生物材料和数据是在美国和其他国家的大多数科学领域进行科学研究的重要组成部分。生物材料和数据越来越多地受制于监测和管理这些资源的所有权和共享的国家和国际政策。这些政策可能会增加成本，减少公众获取，并造成可用于科学生产的重要资源的不平衡，从而对科学进步造成障碍。很少有系统的研究调查这些政策如何影响科学研究合作和产出。这项研究调查了管理生物材料和数据的获取、使用和交换的国际和国家规则、法律、组织和政策如何影响科学合作、资源流动和科学生产(如新知识、发明)。这项研究的结果将为国家和国际政策的制定和实施提供经验依据。该项目的发现还将有助于科学界以促进合作、保持高质量科学和有效响应政策需求的方式管理材料和数据交换。本项目研究数据和材料共享和协作网络如何适应不断变化的国家和多国政策。初步研究表明，适应新规则和监管制度的科学家就如何最好地利用其现有网络获取生物资源和数据或确定替代资源提供者做出决定。在科学界内如何共享材料和数据取决于研究人员合作者的属性、开发新合作者的能力、所寻求资源的价值、对资源的紧迫性、研究目标以及科学家获取新资源的能力和意愿。该项目评估了社会交换成本(例如互惠)和交换交易成本(例如正式协议和合同)对科学家在四个不同科学领域的不同资源获取战略的影响。这项研究在研究设计中开发了可检验的假设，将网络分析和理论应用于纵向调查、自我网络和文献计量学数据。这些发现将通过展示制度控制如何影响合作网络和成果，填补科学政策文献中的一个根本空白。研究结果和传播活动将为正在设计和实施的国家和多国政策和机制提供信息，这些政策和机制影响高质量科学数据和材料的获取和交换，并使决策者能够更好地确定管理生物材料和数据的交换和共享以促进科学生产的杠杆。

Biological materials and data are important components for conducing scientific research in most fields of science in the United States and in other countries. Biological material and data are increasingly subject to national and international policies that monitor and regulate the ownership and sharing of these resources. These policies may create barriers to the advancement of science by increasing costs, reducing public access, and creating imbalances in the availability of important resources for science production. There is little systematic research investigating how these policies affect scientific research collaboration and outputs. This study investigates how the international and national rules, laws, organizations, and policies that regulate the access, use, and exchange of biological material and data affect scientific collaboration, resource flows, and science production (e.g. new knowledge, inventions). Results from this research will provide an empirical basis for national and international policy-making and implementation. The project findings will also help the science community as it seeks to manage material and data exchange in ways that facilitate collaboration, maintain high quality science, and effectively respond to policy demands.This project examines how data and material sharing and collaboration networks adapt to changing national and multinational policies. Preliminary research indicates that scientists navigating the new rules and regulatory systems make decisions about how best to exploit their existing networks to obtain biological resources and data or to identify alternative resource providers. How materials and data are shared within a scientific community depends on the attributes of the researchers' collaborators, the capacity for developing new collaborators, the value of the resources sought, exigencies placed on resources, research goals, and the capacity and willingness of scientists to access new resources. This project assesses the impact of both social exchange costs (e.g. reciprocity) and exchange transaction costs (e.g. formal agreements and contracts) on the different resource acquisition strategies of scientists across four different fields of science. The research develops testable hypotheses within a research design that applies network analysis and theory to longitudinal survey, ego network, and bibliometric data. The findings will fill a fundamental gap in the science of science policy literature by demonstrating how institutional controls affect collaboration networks and outcomes. Findings and dissemination activities will inform ongoing design and implementation of national and multinational policies and mechanisms that affect access and exchange of data and materials for high quality science and enable policy makers to better identify the levers for managing the exchange and sharing of biological materials and data to advance scientific production.