Collaborative Research: The Private and Social Returns to R&D in the Age of Offshoring

合作研究：R 的私人和社会回报

• 批准号: 1360209
• 负责人: Stephen Yeaple
• 金额: $ 30.64万
• 依托单位: Pennsylvania State Univ University Park
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-05-01 至 2018-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1360209&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Private; Social; Returns

As firms' supply chains have become highly complex and geographically fragmented it has encouraged the offshoring of manufacturing activities previously carried out within the United States. What are the implications of the recent surge in offshoring for the rate to innovation? There are several reasons to expect that offshoring might affect it negatively. If formal Research & Development (R&D) efforts and informal knowledge generated through the use of technology are complements in innovation, the geographic separation of R&D and production will slow down innovation. Moreover, if knowledge spills over between physically proximate plants, one firm's production location and R&D decisions will affect the rate of innovation of other firms. Intellectual Merit:To assess the magnitude of these effects, this project uses microdata from the last 15 years collected in the Census of Manufactures and the Annual Survey of Manufacturing to examine firm responses to the reduction in costs of offshoring caused by China?s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO). First, the impact of U.S. offshoring on firms' returns on R&D is quantified by contrasting the innovation trajectories of purely domestic U.S. firms with those that decided to offshore after China's entry into the World Trade Organization. Second, the effect of offshoring on the social return to innovation in the United States is analyzed. Geography constrains the movement of labor, goods, and knowledge, a fact that often leads to the clustering of production at particular locations. As a consequence, if one firm suddenly withdraws production from U.S. factories it could affect other U.S. firms; as these firms respond the effects may be magnified to economy-wide proportions. By going beyond the narrow private effects of offshoring, this work gets at the "offshoring multiplier", which captures the total impact on U.S. productivity and innovation caused by offshoring. Broader Impact: This research puts hard numbers to the claim that offshoring has weakened U.S. innovation by measuring directly the impact of offshoring on the private return to R&D. The results are essential for the formation of manufacturing and trade policies. In particular, if the impact of offshoring on the social returns to R&D is large, as many have claimed, it suggests the need to coordinate the incentives for R&D with incentives for local over foreign production in order to maximize the feedback effects from knowledge spillovers. The project will also contribute to scientific workforce development through the training of graduate research assistants who will gain first hand knowledge of underutilized data sources and techniques and will help to support newly established Census Research Data Centers in State College, PA, and Boulder, CO.

随着公司的供应连锁店的高度复杂和地理上的分散，它鼓励了以前在美国境内开展的制造活动的离岸外包。 最近，最近对创新速度的离岸速度的增长有什么影响？ 有几个原因可以期望离岸运输可能对其产生负面影响。如果创新中的正式研究与发展（R＆D）的努力以及通过技术使用产生的非正式知识是补充，则研发和生产的地理分离将减缓创新。此外，如果知识在物理近端的植物之间溢出，一家公司的生产地点和研发决定将影响其他公司的创新速度。 知识分子优点：为了评估这些影响的幅度，该项目使用了在制造商人口普查中收集的过去15年和制造年度调查的微型数据，以检查对中国进入世界贸易组织（WTO）下种植成本降低的企业反应。 首先，通过将纯粹的美国国内公司的创新轨迹与中国进入世界贸易组织后近海的人的创新轨迹进行了对比，美国离岸银行对公司回报的影响是量化的。 其次，分析了离岸对美国社会回归创新的影响。 地理限制了劳动力，商品和知识的运动，这一事实通常会导致特定位置的生产聚类。结果，如果一家公司突然从美国工厂撤出生产，它可能会影响其他美国公司；当这些公司做出反应时，这种影响可能会扩大到整个经济上的比例。 通过超越离岸外包的私人效果狭窄，这项工作获得了“离岸乘数”，该工作捕捉了对离岸外包造成的美国生产力和创新的总影响。更广泛的影响：这项研究将艰苦的数字宣称，即离岸外包通过直接衡量离岸外包对私人回报的影响而削弱了美国的创新。 结果对于制造和贸易政策的形成至关重要。 尤其是，如果许多人声称，离岸外国对研发的社会回报的影响很大，则表明有必要协调研发的激励措施，并激励当地的外国生产，以最大程度地利用知识溢出的反馈影响。 该项目还将通过培训研究生研究助理的培训来为科学劳动力的发展做出贡献，他们将获得未充分利用的数据源和技术知识，并将有助于支持位于宾夕法尼亚州立大学和博尔德的新成立的人口普查研究中心。