TWC SBE: Medium: Collaborative: A Socio-Technical Approach to Privacy in a Camera-Rich World

如今，相机在消费者设备上无处不在，包括智能手机、笔记本电脑、平板电脑，以及谷歌Glass和Narrative Clip生活记录仪等新型可穿戴设备。这些摄像头的无处不在将很快创造一个视觉传感应用的新时代，例如，收集我们日常生活的照片和视频的设备，帮助我们理解和导航周围世界的增强现实应用，以及面向社区的应用，例如，靠近危机的摄像头的任务是获得实时的“百万眼视图”，以指导紧急情况下的第一响应者。这些技术对个人和社会产生了重大影响，包括对个人和社区的潜在好处，但也有重大危害，包括侵犯个人隐私，如果不加以控制，对社会来说，因为监视会在公共场所产生寒蝉效应。本研究结合了对隐私的社会学理解和对解决这些需求的技术机制的调查。诸如上下文（例如，在公共活动中捕获图像供公众使用可能是可以的，但在家中则不然）和内容（个人是否可识别？）等问题将在技术和社会学方面进行探讨：我们可以确定图像的哪些内容，这在隐私风险方面意味着什么，以及系统如何保护隐私免受风险？需要解决的具体研究挑战包括通过图像和上下文分析制定技术手段，以改善图像中捕获的人的隐私；探索相机所有者独特的隐私需求，以及图像和上下文分析如何改善隐私；开发图像转换以保护隐私，并启用使用云和众包的新应用程序。配套的社会学研究将研究环境如何影响隐私感知，对新技术感知的影响，以及图像共享行为。这些研究将相互指导，确保图像转换/私有化、非视觉转换（例如，改变或模糊图像元数据）和其他技术的机制可以改善对自动分析的隐私保护，以及它们如何影响个人对技术侵入性的感知。通过从社会和技术角度更深入地了解这些技术对隐私的影响，所提出的研究有可能产生深远而积极的社会影响，为相机无处不在的社会中隐私敏感的视觉传感技术奠定基础。

Cameras are now pervasive on consumer devices, including smartphones, laptops, tablets, and new wearable devices like Google Glass and the Narrative Clip lifelogging camera. The ubiquity of these cameras will soon create a new era of visual sensing applications, for example, devices that collect photos and videos of our daily lives, augmented reality applications that help us understand and navigate the world around us, and community-oriented applications, e.g., where cameras close to a crisis tasked with obtaining a real-time "million-eye view" of the scene to guide first responders in an emergency. These technologies raise significant implications for individuals and society, including both potential benefits for individuals and communities, but also significant hazards including privacy invasion for individuals, and, if unchecked, for society, as surveillance causes a chilling effect in the public square. This research couples a sociological understanding of privacy with an investigation of technical mechanisms to address these needs. Issues such as context (e.g., capturing images for public use may be okay at a public event, but not in the home) and content (are individuals recognizable?) will be explored both on technical and sociological fronts: What can we determine about images, what does this mean in terms of privacy risk, and how can systems protect against risk to privacy?Specific research challenges to be addressed include formulating technical means through image and context analysis to improve the privacy of people captured in images; exploring the unique privacy needs of camera owners and how image and contextual analysis can improve privacy; and developing image transformations to afford privacy as well as enable novel applications using the cloud and crowdsourcing. Companion sociological studies will examine how context affects privacy perceptions, the impact on perception of new technologies, and image-sharing behavior. These studies will guide each other, ensuring that mechanisms for image transformation/privatization, non-visual transformations (e.g., altering or obscuring image metadata) and other techniques can improve both privacy protection against automated analysis and how they affect individual perceptions of the invasiveness of the technology. Through a deeper understanding of the privacy implications of such technologies from both a social and technical perspective, the proposed research has the potential for profound and positive societal impact by laying a foundation for privacy-sensitive visual sensing techniques for a society where cameras are ubiquitous.