TWC SBE: Medium: Collaborative: A Socio-Technical Approach to Privacy in a Camera-Rich World

如今，摄像头在消费设备上很普遍，包括智能手机、笔记本电脑、平板电脑，以及新的可穿戴设备，如谷歌眼镜和叙事式视频摄像头。这些摄像头的无处不在将很快开创视觉传感应用的新纪元，例如，收集我们日常生活照片和视频的设备，帮助我们了解和导航周围世界的增强现实应用，以及面向社区的应用，例如，接近危机的摄像头任务是获得现场的实时“百万眼视图”，以在紧急情况下指导急救人员。这些技术对个人和社会产生了重大影响，既包括对个人和社区的潜在好处，也包括对个人的隐私侵犯，如果不加以控制，还会对社会造成重大危害，因为监视在公共广场造成寒蝉效应。这项研究结合了对隐私的社会学理解和对解决这些需求的技术机制的调查。环境(例如，在公共活动中捕捉图像供公众使用可能是可以的，但不是在家里)和内容(个人可以识别吗？)将在技术和社会学方面进行探索：我们可以确定关于图像的什么，这在隐私风险方面意味着什么，系统如何保护隐私风险？需要解决的具体研究挑战包括：通过图像和上下文分析制定技术手段，以改善图像捕获的人的隐私；探索相机所有者的独特隐私需求，以及图像和上下文分析如何改善隐私；开发图像转换，以提供隐私，并支持使用云和众包的新颖应用。与之配套的社会学研究将考察环境如何影响隐私感知、对新技术感知的影响以及图像共享行为。这些研究将相互指导，确保图像转换/私有化、非视觉转换(例如，更改或模糊图像元数据)和其他技术的机制可以改善针对自动分析的隐私保护，以及它们如何影响个人对技术侵入性的看法。通过从社会和技术角度更深入地了解这类技术对隐私的影响，拟议的研究有可能产生深远和积极的社会影响，为相机无处不在的社会奠定对隐私敏感的视觉传感技术的基础。

Cameras are now pervasive on consumer devices, including smartphones, laptops, tablets, and new wearable devices like Google Glass and the Narrative Clip lifelogging camera. The ubiquity of these cameras will soon create a new era of visual sensing applications, for example, devices that collect photos and videos of our daily lives, augmented reality applications that help us understand and navigate the world around us, and community-oriented applications, e.g., where cameras close to a crisis tasked with obtaining a real-time "million-eye view" of the scene to guide first responders in an emergency. These technologies raise significant implications for individuals and society, including both potential benefits for individuals and communities, but also significant hazards including privacy invasion for individuals, and, if unchecked, for society, as surveillance causes a chilling effect in the public square. This research couples a sociological understanding of privacy with an investigation of technical mechanisms to address these needs. Issues such as context (e.g., capturing images for public use may be okay at a public event, but not in the home) and content (are individuals recognizable?) will be explored both on technical and sociological fronts: What can we determine about images, what does this mean in terms of privacy risk, and how can systems protect against risk to privacy?Specific research challenges to be addressed include formulating technical means through image and context analysis to improve the privacy of people captured in images; exploring the unique privacy needs of camera owners and how image and contextual analysis can improve privacy; and developing image transformations to afford privacy as well as enable novel applications using the cloud and crowdsourcing. Companion sociological studies will examine how context affects privacy perceptions, the impact on perception of new technologies, and image-sharing behavior. These studies will guide each other, ensuring that mechanisms for image transformation/privatization, non-visual transformations (e.g., altering or obscuring image metadata) and other techniques can improve both privacy protection against automated analysis and how they affect individual perceptions of the invasiveness of the technology. Through a deeper understanding of the privacy implications of such technologies from both a social and technical perspective, the proposed research has the potential for profound and positive societal impact by laying a foundation for privacy-sensitive visual sensing techniques for a society where cameras are ubiquitous.