SaTC: CORE: Small: Collaborative: Tangible Privacy: User-Centric Sensor Designs for Assured Privacy

SaTC：核心：小型：协作：有形隐私：以用户为中心的传感器设计，确保隐私

• 批准号: 1814513
• 负责人: Apu Kapadia
• 金额: $ 16万
• 依托单位: Indiana University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-09-30 至 2021-09-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1814513&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: SaTC; CORE; Small; Collaborative; Tangible

High-fidelity, and often privacy-invasive, sensors are now becoming pervasive in our everyday environments. At home, digital assistants can constantly listen for instructions and security cameras can be on the lookout for unusual activity. Whereas once an individual's physical actions, in their own home, were private, now networked cameras and microphones can give rise to electronic privacy concerns for one's physical behaviors. Casual conversations and encounters, once thought to be private and ephemeral, now may be captured and disseminated or archived digitally. While these sensing devices benefit the users in many different ways, hence their popularity, their users may face serious privacy violations. A major problem with current sensing devices is that it is oftentimes unclear whether an audio or video sensor is, indeed, off upon visual inspection by occupants of a space. For example, sensors that have been hacked may indeed record people without their consent, even when their interfaces (e.g., small indicator lights) claim that they are off. The goal of this project is to explore privacy-enhanced sensor designs that provide people with the knowledge and assurance of when they are being recorded and what data is being captured and disseminated. Whereas purely software mechanisms may not inspire trust, physical mechanisms (e.g., a camera's physical lens cap) can provide a more tangible privacy guarantee to people. This project explores novel, physical designs of sensors that convey a clear and definite sense of assurance to people about their physical privacy. This project brings together expertise in computer security and privacy, access control, human computer interaction, and social computing. Through this interdisciplinary team, the project makes socio-technical contributions to both theory and practice by: (1) understanding the privacy concerns, needs, and behaviors of people in the face of increased sensing in physical environments; (2) exploring the design space for hardware sensing platforms to convey meaningful ('tangible') assurances of privacy to people by their physical appearance and function; (3) exploring visual indicators of what information is being sent over the network; and (4) exploring alternative sensor designs that trade off sensing fidelity for higher privacy. Together these designs combine hardware and software techniques to tangibly and visually convey a sense of privacy to people impacted by the sensors.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

高保真且通常侵犯隐私的传感器现在在我们的日常环境中变得越来越普遍。在家里，数字助理可以不断听取指令，安全摄像头可以监视异常活动。 曾经，一个人在自己家里的身体行为是隐私的，现在网络摄像头和麦克风可以引起对一个人身体行为的电子隐私担忧。曾经被认为是私密和短暂的随意对话和相遇，现在可以被捕获和传播或数字存档。虽然这些传感设备以许多不同的方式使用户受益，因此它们很受欢迎，但它们的用户可能面临严重的隐私侵犯。当前感测设备的主要问题是，在空间的占用者进行视觉检查时，通常不清楚音频或视频传感器是否确实关闭。例如，被黑客攻击的传感器可能确实在未经同意的情况下记录人，即使他们的接口（例如，小指示灯）声称它们已关闭。该项目的目标是探索增强隐私的传感器设计，为人们提供关于何时被记录以及捕获和传播哪些数据的知识和保证。 虽然纯软件机制可能无法激发信任，但物理机制（例如，照相机的物理透镜盖）可以向人们提供更切实的隐私保证。该项目探索了传感器的新颖物理设计，这些设计向人们传达了一种清晰明确的安全感，让他们了解自己的身体隐私。该项目汇集了计算机安全和隐私，访问控制，人机交互和社会计算方面的专业知识。通过这个跨学科的团队，该项目通过以下方式为理论和实践做出了社会技术贡献：（1）了解人们在物理环境中增加感知时的隐私问题，需求和行为;（2）探索硬件感知平台的设计空间，以传达有意义的信息。（3）探索通过网络发送信息的视觉指示器;以及（4）探索替代的传感器设计，该替代的传感器设计在感测保真度与更高的隐私之间进行权衡。这些设计结合了联合收割机的硬件和软件技术，以有形和视觉的方式向受传感器影响的人传达隐私感。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Defending Against Microphone-Based Attacks with Personalized Noise

• DOI: 10.2478/popets-2021-0021
• 发表时间: 2021-01
• 期刊: Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
• 作者: Yuchen Liu-;Ziyu Xiang;Eun Ji Seong;Apu Kapadia;D. Williamson

Making sense of risk in an increasingly cyber‐physical world

理解日益网络化和物理化的世界中的风险

• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Critical quarterly
• 影响因子: 0.2
• 作者: Lee, Adam J.;Farzan, Rosta;Kapadia, Apu;Ahmad, Imtiaz
• 通讯作者: Ahmad, Imtiaz

Privacy Considerations of the Visually Impaired with Camera Based Assistive Technologies: Misrepresentation, Impropriety, and Fairness

基于摄像头的辅助技术对视障者的隐私考虑：失实陈述、不当和公平

• DOI: 10.1145/3373625.3417003
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: The 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
• 作者: Akter, Taslima;Ahmed, Tousif;Kapadia, Apu;Swaminathan, Swami Manohar
• 通讯作者: Swaminathan, Swami Manohar