Social Organization And The Development Of Capitalist Systems

本研究的基本目标是了解变化的全球规模经济模式如何影响社会组织，特别是在小规模发展中社会。在“管理者”和“工人”之间距离很近的情况下，会发生什么人际关系的重新安排？下面描述的考古研究有可能在很长一段时间内追踪到这种相互作用。美国国家科学基金会授予道格拉斯·v·阿姆斯特朗（锡拉丘兹大学）研究巴巴多斯农业和劳动系统的革命性变化的奖项。这项研究是雪城大学的考古学家和巴巴多斯博物馆和历史学会之间的国际合作。这项研究将集中于对特伦茨种植园（Trents Plantation）新发现的英国拓荒者定居点的文化沉积物进行科学调查，该定居点最初被称为查尔斯堡（Charles Fort）。通过GIS（地理信息系统）分析可追溯到1646年的种植园地图，重新发现了该遗址，为研究小型农场的早期生活提供了独特的机会。保存完好的分层沉积物，跨越350多年，包括巴巴多斯唯一未被破坏（未开垦）的奴役劳工定居点，允许科学研究从小规模农场到大规模糖生产的转变，向糖经济的过渡，奴隶制的制度，以及英属西印度群岛资本主义的兴起。特伦特是1627年在巴巴多斯定居的第一批庄园之一。它开始是一个小规模的经营，从事混合农业（棉花、烟草、靛蓝），由农民使用契约和奴役劳工。这是17世纪40年代开始使用大量非洲奴隶的农业/工业糖生产快速而戏剧性转变的一部分。历史学家很好地记录了巴巴多斯对美洲种植园系统兴起的重要性，但在此研究之前，没有发现糖时代之前的庄园的痕迹，也没有发现巴巴多斯完整的、未开垦的奴隶劳工定居点。这项研究将使用一套严格的考古方法来收集和分析文物、饮食遗迹和空间关系。这项研究将测试一系列关于殖民地社会制度变化的假设。它将：1)探索和评估与加勒比地区英国殖民地建立有关的遗址（1627-1640年代）；2)分析从使用契约劳工（欧洲人）和奴隶劳工（非洲人）的小规模农场向主要依赖非洲奴隶劳工的大规模资本主义农业工业种植园（过渡时期：1640 -1680年代；早期制糖时代：1680 -1720年代；奴隶制后期：1720 -1834年）转变所反映的社会关系记录；3)批判性地审视奴隶制作为主要劳动形式出现的情况；4)评估为农业生产而开垦土地时当地环境的变化。在巴达多斯发生的变化深刻地影响了与奴役非洲人和扩大大西洋奴隶贸易有关的社会和经济结构。在巴巴多斯发展的种植园系统被用作牙买加和南卡罗来纳的英国殖民地的模式，并建立了复杂的贸易网络，将波士顿和英格兰的商人联系起来，并为整个新英格兰的农民提供粮食。随着资本主义甘蔗种植园的兴起和向动产奴隶制的转变，巴巴多斯发生了深刻的变化，改变了世界。

The underlying goal of this research is to understand how changing global scale economic patterns affect social organization, especially in small scale developing societies. In situations where there is close proximity between "managers" and "workers" what are the interpersonal rearrangements which occur?. Archaeological research such as that described below has the potential to trace out such interactions over extended periods of time.This National Science Foundation award Douglas V. Armstrong (Syracuse University) to examine a revolutionary change in agricultural and labor systems in Barbados. This research is being organized as a cooperative international effort between archaeologists at Syracuse University and the Barbados Museum and Historical Society. The study will focus on the scientific investigation of cultural deposits at the newly rediscovered pioneer English settlement at Trents Plantation, a founding settlement originally known as Charles Fort. The site, rediscovered through GIS (geographic information system) analysis of a plantation map dating to 1646, provides a unique opportunity to examine early life on a small-scale farm. The excellent preservation of stratified deposits, spanning more than 350 years and including the only undisturbed (unplowed) enslaved labor settlement in Barbados, allow the scientific examination of the shift from small-scale farm to large-scale production of sugar, the transition to a sugar economy, the institution of slavery, and the rise of capitalism in the British West Indies. Trents was one of the first estates settled in Barbados in 1627. It began as a small-scale operation engaged in mixed agriculture (cotton, tobacco, indigo) by farmers using indentured and enslaved laborers. It was part of a rapid and dramatic shift to agricultural/industrial production of sugar using large numbers of enslaved African laborers beginning in the 1640s. The significance of Barbados to the rise of the plantation system in the Americas has been well chronicled by historians, but prior to this study no traces of pre-sugar era estates had been known and no intact and unplowed enslaved laborer settlements had been identified for Barbados. The study will use a rigorous set of archaeological methodologies to collect and analyze artifacts, dietary remains, and spatial relationships. The study will test a series of hypotheses examining changes in social systems in the colony. It will: 1) explore and evaluate sites associated with the founding of an English colony in the Caribbean (1627-1640s); 2) analyze the record of social relations reflected in the shift from small scale farms that used indentured (European) and enslaved (African) labor to large scale capitalistic agro-industrial plantations that relied primarily on enslaved laborers from Africa (transitional era: 1640s-1680s; and early sugar era: 1680s-1720s; and later period of slavery 1720s-1834); 3) critically examine the landscape in which slavery emerged as the dominant form of labor; and, 4) assess changes in the local environment as lands were cleared for agricultural production. The changes that took place in Bardados had profoundly impacted the social and economic structure associated with enslavement of Africans and the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade. The plantation systems developed in Barbados were used as models in the British settlement of Jamaica and South Carolina, and established complex trading networks that linked merchant traders in Boston and England and provision farmers throughout New England. The changes set in motion in Barbados with the rise of the capitalstic sugar plantation and the shift to chattel slavery were profound and world changing.