Collaborative Research: Expectations About Reward Outcomes

合作研究：对奖励结果的期望

基本信息

批准号：
1425216
负责人：
Sarah Brosnan
金额：
$ 39.46万
依托单位：
Georgia State University Research Foundation, Inc.
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2014-09-15 至 2020-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1425216&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Collaborative Research Expectations About Reward

项目摘要

When faced with a choice, humans often make decisions based on their observations of the results of similar decisions made by other people. Although in some cases such comparisons can help determine the best outcome, in other contexts, such social comparisons can lead to less than optimal, and even potentially negative, decisions or outcomes. For instance, when making decisions related to personal or family economics, people may observe others (peers, colleagues, neighbors, family, etc.), to determine what is ?normal? or ?appropriate,? potentially leading to expenditures that essentially cannot be afforded (colloquially known as ?keeping up with the Joneses?) and therefore, increase their risk of financial ruin. Similarly, observations of peers, neighbors, or colleagues may lead to comparisons that result in the making of ?risky? decisions, again with potentially negative outcomes. Understanding how and why people observe and apply the decisions made by other people to the making of their own decisions, even when such comparisons are not valid or are even actively misleading, may aid in the development of strategies that can be used to help people make good decisions and minimize the probability that they will make poor ones. Because people are faced with decision-making situations on a daily basis, this research will be important for helping people to develop strategies that will help them make good decisions that promote well-being. In this project, the Principal Investigators will study the factors that influence decision-making when individuals rely on what others receive to determine their expected outcome, also known as a reference point. Our first research goal is to explore how these reference points influence what people expect their outcomes to be. In particular, we are interested in what happens if those expectations are violated. Additionally, we are interested in what other factors surrounding the decision may influence the degree to which these reference points are used to establish expectations. These contexts include the riskiness of the situation, the degree to which an observed outcome conforms to what is typical (e.g., is only one other person receiving that outcome, or is everyone else receiving that outcome?), and, in situations in which expectations are violated, whether there is a good rationale for why one?s own outcome might differ from what is expected. Our second research goal is to understand the evolution of these behaviors. This is important because by understanding the broader biological and psychological foundations, mechanisms, and processes, we can begin to design effective interventions to counteract sub-optimal decision-making. One way to understand the biological foundations of human decision-making behavior is to explore these questions in nonhuman species. We will use methods from experimental economics to explore 1) how risk interacts with individuals? expectations about their outcomes, 2) how the social context influences individuals? expectations, and 3) whether individuals respond differently if there is a rationale for a perceived violation of expectations. Together these questions will provide an understanding of how social comparison may drive decision-making processes that could lead to negative outcomes in certain contexts. In terms of broader impacts, we have a strong focus on providing training in the scientific method to the next generation of scientists. This includes engaging undergraduate and graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in all levels of the research involved in this proposal. We will also bring this research to K-12 students in order to generate enthusiasm for science while these students are young. Additionally, good decision-making should positively impact people of all ages, so it is a particularly relevant and important topic that should easily engage students during their formative years. We accomplish this engagement by presenting our science in area K-12 schools and through community involvement in science, such as participating in public ?science nights? at local schools and involvement in science fairs by both the PIs and our students. More broadly, people encounter daily the sorts of decisions that we are exploring, and good decision making in these situations directly impacts financial, physical, and psychological well-being.

面对选择时，人类通常会根据对其他人做出的类似决定的结果的观察做出决定。尽管在某些情况下，这种比较可以帮助确定最佳结果，但在其他情况下，这种社会比较可能导致的决定或可能是负面的决定或结果。例如，在做出与个人或家庭经济学有关的决定时，人们可能会观察他人（同伴，同事，邻居，家庭等），以确定什么是什么？正常？或合适的因此，可能导致基本上无法承受的支出（俗称“跟上琼斯”吗？），因此，增加了他们的财务破坏风险。同样，对同龄人，邻居或同事的观察可能会导致比较导致风险的比较？决策，再次具有负面结果。了解人们如何以及为什么观察和运用其他人做出的决定来做出自己的决定，即使这种比较无效甚至没有积极误导，也可能有助于制定可用于帮助人们做出良好决定并最小化他们做出可怜的策略的策略。由于人们每天都面临决策情况，因此这项研究对于帮助人们制定策略以帮助他们做出良好的决策来促进幸福感很重要。在这个项目中，主要研究人员将研究影响决策的因素，当个人依靠其他人获得的结果来确定其预期结果（也称为参考点）。我们的第一个研究目标是探索这些参考点如何影响人们期望的结果。特别是，我们对如果违反这些期望会发生什么感兴趣。此外，我们对围绕决策的其他因素感兴趣，可能会影响这些参考点用于建立期望的程度。这些背景包括情况的风险，观察到的结果符合典型的结果（例如，只是另一个人接受该结果的人，或者其他所有人都接受了该结果？），在违反期望的情况下，违反了期望的情况，是否有一个很好的理由，为什么一个人可能与预期有什么不同。我们的第二个研究目标是了解这些行为的演变。这很重要，因为通过了解更广泛的生物学和心理基础，机制和过程，我们可以开始设计有效的干预措施以抵消亚最佳决策。了解人类决策行为的生物基础的一种方法是在非人类物种中探索这些问题。我们将使用实验经济学的方法探索1）风险如何与个人相互作用？对其结果的期望，2）社会环境如何影响个人？期望，以及3）如果有违反期望的理由，个人是否反应有所不同。这些问题将共同了解社会比较如何推动决策过程，这可能会导致在某些情况下导致负面结果。在更广泛的影响方面，我们强烈着重于为下一代科学家提供科学方法的培训。这包括与本提案所涉及的各个层次的研究生和研究生以及博士后研究员一起参与。我们还将将这项研究带给K-12学生，以便在这些学生年轻的时候对科学产生热情。此外，良好的决策应该对各个年龄段的人们产生积极影响，因此，这是一个特别相关且重要的话题，在学生成长的年份中很容易吸引。我们通过在K-12地区的学校和社区参与科学（例如参与公共科学之夜）介绍我们的科学来实现这一参与？在当地学校，PIS和我们的学生参与科学展览会。更广泛地说，人们每天都会遇到我们正在探索的各种决策，并且在这些情况下做出良好的决策直接影响财务，身体和心理健康。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（5）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Are the roots of human economic systems shared with non-human primates?

DOI：
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.026
发表时间：
2020-02-01
期刊：
NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS
影响因子：
8.2
作者：
Addessi, Elsa;Beran, Michael;Leca, Jean-Baptiste
通讯作者：
Leca, Jean-Baptiste

Western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) do not show an aversion to inequity in a token exchange task

西部低地大猩猩（Gorilla gorilla gorilla）在代币交换任务中并没有表现出对不平等的厌恶

DOI：
10.1002/ajp.23326
发表时间：
2021
期刊：
American Journal of Primatology
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Sosnowski, Meghan J.;Drayton, Lindsey A.;Prétôt, Laurent;Carrigan, Jodi;Stoinski, Tara S.;Brosnan, Sarah F.
通讯作者：
Brosnan, Sarah F.

Anything for a cheerio: Brown capuchins ( Sapajus [Cebus] apella ) consistently coordinate in an Assurance Game for unequal payoffs

一切为了欢呼：棕色卷尾猴（Sapajus [Cebus] apella）在保证游戏中始终协调以获得不平等的回报

DOI：
10.1002/ajp.23321
发表时间：
2021
期刊：
American Journal of Primatology
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Robinson, Lauren M.;Martínez, Mayte;Leverett, Kelly L.;Rossettie, Mattea S.;Wilson, Bart J.;Brosnan, Sarah F.
通讯作者：
Brosnan, Sarah F.

The effects of positive and negative experiences on subsequent behavior and cognitive performance in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus [Cebus] apella).

积极和消极经历对卷尾猴（Sapajus [Cebus] apella）后续行为和认知表现的影响。