Doctoral Dissertation Research: Social and Economic Consequences of "Minor" Contacts with the Criminal Justice System

罗伯特·克鲁奇菲尔德华盛顿大学阿普丽尔·费尔南德斯监禁人数迅速而稳定地增加，对就业、住房和健康等基本生活事件产生了重大影响。虽然研究集中于监禁的有害影响，但较低级别的刑事司法接触形式也可能产生重大影响。使长期监禁对生命过程产生影响的条件和情况也适用于逮捕、定罪和监禁。与社会隔离以及伴随着这些不那么严重的接触形式而来的耻辱，可能会阻碍实现和维持就业和优质住房。因被捕或监禁而丧失工作能力也会影响获得未来就业和住房所需的人力和社会资本。由于对潜在雇员和租户的背景调查无处不在，犯罪或逮捕记录带来的耻辱可能会抑制就业和住房前景。此外，由于接触到患有传染病的个人，低水平的刑事司法接触可能会影响身心健康，这就促进了疾病的传播，而监禁的压力和缺乏适当的医疗设施则有助于加剧现有的疾病。鉴于在此期间，监狱人口随着监狱监禁的增加而增加，应调查较不严重的刑事司法接触形式的影响。刑事司法联系与就业和住房之间的关系被认为会产生有害的影响，无论是因为失去工作或住房，还是抑制未来的前景。然而，对健康的影响预计将更加复杂；鉴于国家强制为被监禁者提供的医疗保健服务可能带来的好处，刑事司法接触对健康的潜在影响可能会有所改善。然而，考虑到监禁期间压力的增加，对精神健康的影响被认为是有害的。利用NLSY97(全国青年纵向研究，1997)，该项目探讨了因逮捕、定罪和短期监禁而产生的就业、住房和身心健康结果。为了确定这些关系的性质，将使用STATA中的固定和随机效应回归模型对数据进行分析。探讨较低级别的刑事司法接触有助于编写关于监禁影响的大量文献，并为了解较不严重的接触形式对个人及其生活前景的累积影响提供了一个窗口。扩大对这些接触形式的实证分析，可以更全面地评估各种形式的刑事司法接触的潜在后果，以及这些影响如何影响社会分层水平。更广泛的影响随着监狱规模的扩大，以逮捕、定罪或监禁的形式接触该系统的人数有所增加。这种接触的潜在后果可能会推迟或破坏受影响人口的职业和社会流动。这些结果不仅对个人，而且对他们的家庭和社区都有重大影响，这些家庭和社区受到经济、职业和身体健康障碍的间接影响。这项研究可能会影响未来在该领域的工作，以及围绕监禁的附带后果的不断增长的文献。

SES-1436329Robert CrutchfieldApril FernandesUniversity of WashingtonThe rapid and steady increase of incarceration has had substantial consequences on essential life events such as employment, housing and health. While studies have concentrated on the detrimental effects of imprisonment, lower level forms of criminal justice contact can also have a significant impact. The conditions and circumstances that render long-term incarceration influential over the life course are also present for arrests, convictions and jail stays. The separation from society and the stigma that accompanies these less severe forms of contact can hinder the attainment and maintenance of employment and quality housing. The incapacitation from an arrest or jail stay can also affect human and social capital acquisition needed to obtain future employment and housing. The stigma from a criminal or arrest record can inhibit employment and housing prospects due to the ubiquity of background checks for potential employees and tenants. Furthermore, low-level criminal justice contact can affect both physical and mental health outcomes due to the exposure to individuals with communicable diseases, which facilitates the transmission of disease while the stress of incarceration and lack of adequate medical facilities assist in exacerbating existing conditions. Given that the jail population grew in line with prison incarceration during this period, the effects of less severe forms of criminal justice contact should be investigated. The relationship between criminal justice contact and employment and housing are hypothesized to produce detrimental effects, whether from losing a job or a home or inhibiting future prospects. The effect on health, however, is expected to be more complicated; the potential effects of criminal justice contact on health may be ameliorative given the possible benefits of state-mandated health care services available for those incarcerated. However, the effect on mental health is hypothesized to be detrimental given the increased level of stressors present during incarceration. Using the NLSY97 (National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1997), this project explores employment, housing and physical and mental health outcomes as a result of arrests, convictions and short jail stays. To determine the nature of these relationships, the data will be analyzed using fixed and random effects regression models in Stata. Exploring lower levels of criminal justice contact contributes to the substantial literature on the effects of imprisonment and offers a window into the cumulative impact of less severe forms of contact on the individual and their life prospects. Expanding empirical analysis to these forms of contact can provide a more comprehensive assessment of the potential consequences of criminal justice contact in all of its varied forms and how these effects impact levels of societal stratification. Broader ImpactsWith the penal expansion of the prison boom, there has been an increase in the number of people who have contact with the system in the form of an arrest, conviction or imprisonment. The potential ramifications of such contact can delay or derail the occupational and social mobility of the populations affected. These outcomes have substantial implications not only for the individual, but their families and communities that are collaterally affected by increased barriers to financial, occupational and physical wellbeing. This research could affect future work in the field and the growing literature centered on the collateral consequences of imprisonment.