Scientific Studies from a Network of Sustainable, Robotic Observatories Across the Antarctic Ice-shelf: A New Approach to Polar Research

近地环境（地球空间）主要受地球磁场控制，磁场保护地球免受太阳耀斑、日冕物质抛射等电磁性质现象的影响;其中一些事件可能非常危险，影响甚至损坏卫星及其仪器和与地面中心的通信。然而，地球磁场有一些特定区域暴露在来自外太空的所有这些影响下。极冠是地磁极周围的特定区域，地磁场线是开放的，直接与行星际磁场（即太阳的延伸磁场）相互作用。在强烈的地磁扰动期间，极冠的大小会增加-有时是戏剧性的。监测地球的极地地区、地磁扰动、流经这些地区的电流、极盖边界动态等，是空间天气研究的重要课题。数以百计的磁力计定期观测北方极冠和极光带。然而，南半球的天文台要少得多。拥有一个监测地磁环境的大型磁强计网络对于了解空间气象相关事件及其对环境的影响至关重要，因为地球空间卫星的数量继续快速增长。在南极洲发展观测基础设施的主要问题之一是人们很难到达该地区并在那里停留。这个因素使得任何科学项目都非常昂贵。因此，自动地球物理观测站（AGO）的发展，可以自主运作，最少的人为干预和维护提供了一个独特的机会，可以解决这个问题。仪器的安排产生的数据具有很高的潜力，提供该领域的关键进展，并高度要求科学界。本研究所要解决的科学问题是：（1）天气学磁通门磁力仪确定的开闭磁场边界（OCB）是否有效：（2）太阳风结构对OCB形态的影响;（3）GPS天气学结构与OCB动力学的关系。（4）铱的短脉冲数据系统能否用于以1小时的时间滞后传输磁通门磁力计数据。这项研究是一项具有成本效益的投资，将提高地球空间领域的知识水平，并为科学界提供重要的观测。

The near-Earth environment (Geospace) is mostly controlled by the Earth's magnetic field, which provides the Earth with protection from phenomena of electromagnetic nature, such as solar flares, coronal mass ejection, etc.; some of these events could be very dangerous and affect and even damage satellites, their instrumentation, and their communication with ground centers. However, the Earth's magnetic field has some specific regions where it is exposed to all these impacts from outer space. The polar caps are specific areas around the geomagnetic poles where geomagnetic field lines are open and directly interact with the interplanetary magnetic field (that is an extended magnetic field of the Sun). During strong geomagnetic disturbances, the polar caps increase their size - sometimes dramatically. Monitoring the Earth's polar regions, geomagnetic disturbances, currents that flow over these regions, polar cap boundary dynamics, etc., are important issues of space weather studies. Hundreds of magnetometers observe the Northern hemisphere polar cap and auroral zone on a regular basis. However, the Southern hemisphere has many fewer observatories. Having a large network of magnetometers for monitoring the geomagnetic environment is vital for understanding space weather-related events and their impact on environments, since the number of satellites in Geospace continues to grow very fast. One of the major problems in developing an observational infrastructure in Antarctica is the enormous difficulty for people to reach the region and to stay there. This factor makes any scientific project extremely expensive. Therefore, the development of Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGO) that can function autonomously with minimal human interaction and maintenance provides a unique opportunity that can solve the problem. The arrangement of instrumentation produces data with a high potential to provide key advances in the field and that are highly demanded by scientific community. The science questions to be addressed in this research effort are: (1) Is the synoptic fluxgate magnetometer determination of the open-closed magnetic field boundary (OCB) valid; (2) What are impacts of solar wind structures on the OCB morphology; (3) How synoptic structures of GPS scintillations are relevant to OCB dynamics, and (4) Could the Iridium's Short Burst Data system be used to transmit fluxgate magnetometer data at a 1-hour time lag. The research is a cost-effective investment that will advance the state of knowledge of the Geospace domain and provide scientific community with vital observations.