At the Cusp of the 21st Century: The Next Generation of Geospace Research Facilities at South Pole and McMurdo Stations

站在 21 世纪的风口浪尖：南极站和麦克默多站的下一代地球空间研究设施

• 批准号: 1643700
• 负责人: Andrew Gerrard
• 金额: $ 150.47万
• 依托单位: New Jersey Institute of Technology
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-09-01 至 2024-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1643700&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Cusp; 21st; Century; Next; Generation

The near-Earth (Geospace) environment is mostly controlled by the geomagnetic field that protects life on the planet from phenomena of electromagnetic nature, such as major geomagnetic storms caused by solar flares and coronal mass ejection. Some of these events could be dangerous affecting Earth's artificial satellites, damaging their instrumentation and disrupting communication with ground centers. The Earth's magnetic field has some specific regions where it exposes the upper atmosphere and ionosphere for all these impacts from outer space. The polar caps are specific areas around the geomagnetic poles, where geomagnetic field lines are open and directly interact with the interplanetary magnetic field (extended magnetic fields of the Sun). During strong geomagnetic disturbances, the polar caps increase their size, sometimes dramatically. Monitoring the Earth polar regions, ionospheric currents that flow over these regions, polar cap boundaries dynamics, etc., are important for space weather studies. Many geospace-monitoring stations are deployed over the northern polar cap and auroral zone on a regular basis, but the southern polar cap and auroral zone are left much behind due to enormous difficulties for people to reach the Antarctic and stay there. Thus, a more holistic approach to the geospace research is needed for the Antarctic - the one that integrates clustered instrumentation at multiple locations to have a simultaneous look at the solar wind interactions within the entire Geospace system. This project will support studies of interrelated geospace phenomena observed at southern high latitudes through the coordinated and collaborative effort deploying and maintaining respective instrumentation at the U.S. Antarctic stations McMurdo, South Pole, and Palmer. The suite of geospace instrumentation at these stations has a sustained track-record of robust operation and community support: ground-based fluxgate and search-coils magnetometers, ELF and VLF receivers, imaging and broadband riometers, sky-looking optical systems, GPS scintillation-rated receivers, and several other instruments. Measurements collected from these instruments can be synergistically combined for the studies of synoptic variabilities of the magnetospheric open-closed boundary and associated cusp structures, understanding ELF whistler events and their relationship to ionospheric conditions, doing VLF diagnostics of magnetospheric conditions, and investigating the GPS signal scintillation occurrence and strength in relation to the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes. These topics are only a partial listing of the research effort that can be performed with the data obtained from the Antarctic geospace instruments, especially via the already established and planned collaborations with other geospace projects operating across Antarctica and at magnetically conjugate regions in the Arctic. The project will train and educate young scientists, graduate, and undergraduate students.

近地（地球空间）环境主要由地磁场控制，地磁场保护地球上的生命免受电磁自然现象的影响，如由太阳耀斑和日冕物质抛射引起的主要地磁风暴。其中一些事件可能会对地球的人造卫星造成危险影响，损坏它们的仪器并中断与地面中心的通信。地球磁场有一些特定的区域，在这些区域，上层大气和电离层暴露在来自外层空间的所有这些影响之下。极帽是地磁两极周围的特定区域，在那里地磁力线是开放的，并直接与行星际磁场（太阳的延伸磁场）相互作用。在强烈的地磁干扰期间，极帽的尺寸会增大，有时会急剧增大。监测地球极地，电离层电流流过这些区域，极地帽边界动力学等，是重要的空间天气研究。许多地球空间监测站定期部署在北极帽和极光区，但由于人们难以到达南极并在那里停留，南极帽和极光区被远远抛在后面。因此，南极需要一种更全面的地球空间研究方法——将多个地点的集群仪器集成在一起，同时观察整个地球空间系统内的太阳风相互作用。该项目将通过在美国南极站麦克默多站、南极站和帕尔默站部署和维护各自的仪器，支持在南部高纬度观测到的相互关联的地球空间现象的研究。这些台站的地球空间仪器套件具有稳定运行和社区支持的持续跟踪记录：地面磁通门和搜索线圈磁力计、极低频和极低频接收器、成像和宽带里程计、天空光学系统、GPS闪烁额定接收器和其他几种仪器。从这些仪器收集的测量数据可以协同结合，用于研究磁层开闭边界和相关尖端结构的天气变化，了解极低频哨声事件及其与电离层条件的关系，进行磁层条件的VLF诊断，以及研究与磁层-电离层耦合过程相关的GPS信号闪烁发生和强度。这些课题只是利用南极地球空间仪器获得的数据可以进行的研究工作的一部分，特别是通过已经建立和计划的与在南极洲和北极磁共轭区域开展的其他地球空间项目的合作。该项目将培训和教育青年科学家、研究生和本科生。

项目成果

On the Driver of Daytime Pc3 Auroral Pulsations

论白天 Pc3 极光脉动的驱动因素

• DOI: 10.1029/2018gl080842
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Motoba, T.;Ebihara, Y.;Ogawa, Y.;Kadokura, A.;Engebretson, M. J.;Angelopoulos, V.;Gerrard, A. J.;Weatherwax, A. T.
• 通讯作者: Weatherwax, A. T.

Development of low-cost multi-wavelength imager system for studies of aurora and airglow

开发用于极光和气辉研究的低成本多波长成像仪系统

• DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2019.100501
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Polar Science
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Ogawa, Y.;Tanaka, Y.;Kadokura, A.;Hosokawa, K.;Ebihara, Y.;Motoba, T.;Gustavsson, B.;Brändström, U.;Sato, Y.;Oyama, S.
• 通讯作者: Oyama, S.

Interhemispheric Comparisons of Large Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Relevant to GICs

与 GIC 相关的大型夜间磁扰动事件的半球间比较

• DOI: 10.1029/2020ja028128
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
• 作者: Engebretson, Mark J.;Kirkevold, Kathryn R.;Steinmetz, Erik S.;Pilipenko, Viacheslav A.;Moldwin, Mark B.;McCuen, Brett A.;Clauer, C. R.;Hartinger, Michael D.;Coyle, Shane;Opgenoorth, Hermann
• 通讯作者: Opgenoorth, Hermann

Daytime Pc5 Diffuse Auroral Pulsations and Their Association With Outer Magnetospheric ULF Waves

白天 Pc5 弥漫极光脉动及其与外磁层 ULF 波的关联

• DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029218
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
• 作者: Motoba, T.;Ogawa, Y.;Ebihara, Y.;Kadokura, A.;Gerrard, A. J.;Weatherwax, A. T.
• 通讯作者: Weatherwax, A. T.

The 2‐D Structure of Foreshock‐Driven Field Line Resonances Observed by THEMIS Satellite and Ground‐Based Imager Conjunctions

• DOI: 10.1029/2019ja026668
• 发表时间: 2019-08
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
• 作者: Boyi Wang;Y. Nishimura;Hui Zhang;X. Shen;L. Lyons;V. Angelopoulos;Y. Ebihara;A. Weatherwax;A. Gerrard;H. Frey