Improving Our Understanding of Liquefaction-Induced Displacements: Integration of Remote Sensing Data and Field Data from the 2010/2011 New Zealand Earthquakes

液化是一种严重的地震灾害，其引起的地面运动会对建筑环境造成严重破坏。 我们对液化后果的理解受到关于液化引起的运动的有限现场数据的阻碍（例如，在以前的地震中，横向扩散。 该项目将利用卫星图像和激光雷达得出的位移，调查2010年新西兰达菲尔德和2011年基督城地震期间地壳运动引起的横向扩展。 这些位移将与地下，地形和地质数据相结合，以提高我们对影响地层破裂引起的横向扩展位移的因素的理解。 这项工作的结果可能会有深远的影响，岩土工程，因为新的见解的现象，横向扩展所提供的密集的空间分辨率的变形测量的遥感技术。 这项工作将证实一种新的位移监测技术，为岩土工程界，使未来的地震研究和灾害测绘可以利用这些技术。 利用改进的传感器（例如，50厘米分辨率的光学卫星图像，1米分辨率的激光雷达）和先进的处理算法（例如，图像和数据集之间的精确地理参考），现在可以通过遥感和地面上的精细空间分辨率来监测亚米级位移。 遥感所产生的变形的前所未有的空间分辨率与基督城的大量地下数据的可用性相结合，提供了一个独特的机会，以提高我们的理解的特点，影响挤压引起的横向变形。 该项目还将涉及详细的地质测绘和工程地质学家的解释，这些信息将用于进一步了解影响所观察到的位移模式和横向扩展运动学的地质限制。 这些数据将使我们能够研究地下特征、空间变异性、地质条件、地形、地面运动等对观测到的运动的影响和相互联系;这种理解将改进预测横向扩展位移的经验模型和数值模型。

Liquefaction is a significant seismic hazard in which the induced ground movements cause severe damage to the built environment. Our understanding of the consequences of liquefaction is hampered by the limited field data that exist regarding liquefaction-induced movements (e.g., lateral spreading) during previous earthquakes. This project will investigate liquefaction-induced lateral spreading during the 2010 Darfield and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes in New Zealand using displacements derived from satellite imagery and LIDAR. These displacements will be integrated with subsurface, topographic, and geologic data to improve our understanding of the factors that influence liquefaction-induced lateral spreading displacements. The results of this work potentially will have far-reaching impact on geotechnical engineering because of new insights into the phenomenon of lateral spreading provided by the dense spatial resolution of the deformations measured by the remote sensing techniques. This work will substantiate a new displacement monitoring technique for the geotechnical community such that future earthquake studies and hazard mapping can take advantage of these techniques. With a combination of improved sensors (e.g., 50-cm resolution optical satellite imagery, 1-m resolution LIDAR) and advanced processing algorithms (e.g., precise georeferencing between images and datasets), it is now possible to monitor sub-meter displacements via remote sensing and at fine spatial resolution on the ground. The unprecedented spatial resolution of the deformations produced by remote sensing combined with the availability of an enormous amount of subsurface data in Christchurch provide a unique opportunity to improve our understanding of the characteristics that influence liquefaction-induced lateral deformations. The project also will involve detailed geologic mapping and interpretation by engineering geologists, and this information will be used to gain further insights into the geologic constraints that influence the observed displacement patterns and lateral spread kinematics. These data will allow us to investigate the influence and interconnections of the subsurface characteristics, spatial variability, geologic conditions, topography, ground motions, etc. on the observed movements; this understanding will improve both empirical and numerical models for predicting lateral spread displacements.