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Ethnic Differentiation, Interethnic Relations and Conflict in Central Asia: The Case of the Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Kazakstan

中亚的民族分化、民族关系与冲突：以吉尔吉斯斯坦、阿富汗、塔吉克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦的乌兹别克人为例

基本信息

批准号：
219187053
负责人：
Professor Dr. Jürgen Paul
金额：
--
依托单位：
Max-Planck-Institut für ethnologische Forschung
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2011-12-31 至 2014-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/219187053?language=en
关键词：
Ethnic Differentiation Interethnic Relations Conflict

项目摘要

The present project examines in a theory-oriented and comparative way processes of ethnic differentiation and inter-ethnic relations in four states where Uzbeks form a significant minority. Three of them, namely Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, have in recent years experienced conflicts of varying scale, in which Uzbeks have been more or less strongly involved. Kazakstan, which so far has been spared from serious inter-ethnic tensions, will serve as a kind of control case. The aim is to compare patterns of conflict and political mobilization in the name of ethnicity. It will be asked when, why and how ethnic differentiation becomes relevant for social and political action, how this is shaped by national politics and the distribution of resources, and how this influences individual behavior and the composition of social networks on the ground.The Uzbeks offer an excellent opportunity to examine these issues. Besides being the largest ethnic group in Central Asia and constituting the absolute majority in the state bearing their name, they also form significant minorities in all neighboring states. These are usually long-established Uzbek communities that happened to end up on the other side of a state border. Each of these settings represents a distinct case in terms of ecological and economic conditions, historical and political configuration as well as ethnic composition. By comparing Uzbek communities in different locations where violence has erupted or not, it will be possible to look at the impact of state politics and local identity concepts on inter-ethnic relations and on their mobilization in situation of conflict. The investigation will be guided by anthropological approaches selecting one specific field site in each of the four countries to be included and will be conducted on three principal levels:•Conceptualization of Uzbek identity in relation to the overall ethnic configuration•Patterns of social interaction and distribution of economic as well as political resources•Strategies of mobilization by political leaders and ethnic entrepreneursThe major objective of this project is to provide new insights into processes of ethnic relations and conflict management in contemporary Central Asia and northern Afghanistan. This is of tremendous importance for a better understanding of the region in a period of rapid change after the collapse of the socialist regimes. They have an impact on the development of the region and far beyond. Ethnic tensions and inter-regional competition within and among the new independent states are key issues in this respect. So far, these processes have been studied primarily on the macro-level. Their impacts on people’s lives in the context of new independent statehoods and the massive irruption of transnational organizations such as NGOs are less well known. At the same time, the study will also provide new data for the development of theoretical models about the nature of ethnic identity and differentiation in conflict situations when the competition for scarce resources facilitates the instrumentalization of identity for political purposes. In this project a number of theoretical approaches on the nature of social groups and collective identities and their meaning for individual behavior as institutional frames will be combined.

本项目以理论和比较的方式审查了乌兹别克人占多数的四个国家的族裔分化和族裔间关系的进程。其中三个国家，即吉尔吉斯斯坦、阿富汗和塔吉克斯坦，近年来经历了不同规模的冲突，乌兹别克人或多或少强烈地参与了冲突。到目前为止，哈萨克斯坦一直没有出现严重的种族间紧张局势，它将成为一种控制性案例。其目的是比较以族裔为名的冲突和政治动员的模式。它将被问到种族分化何时、为什么以及如何与社会和政治行动相关，国家政治和资源分配如何影响这一点，以及这如何影响个人行为和当地社会网络的构成。乌兹别克人为研究这些问题提供了一个极好的机会。他们不仅是中亚最大的民族，在以他们的名字命名的国家中占绝对多数，而且在所有邻国都是重要的少数民族。这些通常是历史悠久的乌兹别克社区，碰巧最终出现在国家边界的另一边。在生态和经济条件、历史和政治格局以及民族构成方面，每一种环境都代表着不同的情况。通过比较发生暴力或未发生暴力的不同地区的乌兹别克社区，可以看到国家政治和地方身份观念对族裔间关系的影响，以及它们在冲突局势中的动员情况。这项调查将以人类学方法为指导，在四个国家中每个国家选择一个具体的实地地点，并将在三个主要层面上进行：·与总体族裔结构相关的乌兹别克人身份的概念化·社会互动的模式和经济和政治资源的分配·政治领导人和族裔企业家的动员战略这个项目的主要目的是对当代中亚和阿富汗北部的族裔关系和冲突管理进程提供新的见解。在社会主义政权垮台后的快速变革时期，这对于更好地了解该区域具有极其重要的意义。它们对该地区乃至更远的地区的发展都有影响。新独立国家内部和之间的种族紧张和区域间竞争是这方面的关键问题。到目前为止，这些过程主要是在宏观层面上进行研究的。在新的独立国家和非政府组织等跨国组织大规模入侵的背景下，它们对人们生活的影响不太为人所知。同时，这项研究还将为开发关于冲突局势中族裔认同和分化的性质的理论模型提供新的数据，因为在冲突局势中，对稀缺资源的竞争有助于将身份认同用于政治目的。在这个项目中，将结合一些关于社会群体和集体身份的性质及其对作为制度框架的个人行为的意义的理论方法。