Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations with IceCube DeepCore

冰立方中微子观测站（ICNO）深深嵌入南极冰盖深处，是世界上最大、最灵敏的高能中微子望远镜。它是一个10亿吨的探测器，使用南极冰作为高能大气和天体物理中微子的探测介质。 IceCube观测到的大多数中微子的能量范围都在大气中微子的预期范围内，这些中微子源自来自银河系附近扇区的宇宙射线在广泛的空气簇射中产生的粒子衰变。这些可用于测量中微子的基本特性。在较高能量下，天体物理中微子是高能宇宙的关键探测器。由于其独特的性质，中微子甚至可以逃离密集区域，不会被银河系或银河系外磁场偏转，并且可以不受阻碍地穿越充满光子的宇宙。因此，中微子提供了有关强大宇宙物体动力学和内部的直接信息，这些物体可能是高能宇宙射线的起源：超新星、黑洞、脉冲星、活跃星系核和其他极端河外现象。该奖项将为各级年轻物理学家提供参与粒子天体物理学的机会，特别强调鼓励女性和代表性不足群体的参与。 PI 创立了物理与天文学女性 (PAW) 组织并担任其导师。 PAW 提供了一个论坛，供公开讨论女性面临的挑战及其解决方案，为物理学领域的女本科生和研究生开展指导计划，通过外展活动提高女性在科学领域的知名度，并在友好的环境中提供网络和专业发展机会。DeepCore 扩展是一个子阵列，由七个最里面的 IceCube 串组成，并通过八个额外的串进行增强，其中包含部署在 2100 m 以下最透明冰层中的传感器，能够以低至能量观测大气中微子。 100亿电子伏特。该奖项将支持该小组继续利用 DeepCore 数据来回答中微子物理学的基本问题，包括对 tau 中微子外观进行高统计测量，并进一步改进重建和分析技术，对中微子振荡参数进行测量。他们将使用来自 IceCube 和 DeepCore 的中微子，通过天体物理多信使观测站网络来促进实时搜索多信使天体物理源。

Embedded deep in the ice cap at the South Pole, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory (ICNO) is the world's largest and most sensitive high energy neutrino telescope. It is a 1 billion-ton detector using the Antarctic ice as a detection medium for high energy atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos. Most of the neutrinos observed by IceCube exhibit energies in the range expected for atmospheric neutrinos originating from decays of particles produced in extensive air showers by cosmic rays coming from nearby sectors of the Milky Way Galaxy. These may be used to measure the fundamental properties of neutrinos. At higher energies, astrophysical neutrinos are key probes of the high-energy universe. Because of their unique properties, neutrinos escape even dense regions, are not deflected by galactic or extra-galactic magnetic fields and traverse the photon-filled universe unhindered. Thus, neutrinos provide direct information about the dynamics and interiors of the powerful cosmic objects that may be the origins of high energy cosmic rays: supernovae, black holes, pulsars, active galactic nuclei and other extreme extragalactic phenomena.This award will provide opportunities for young physicists at all levels to become involved in particle astrophysics, with a particular emphasis on encouraging participation among women and underrepresented groups. The PI founded and serves as the faculty mentor to the Physics and Astronomy Women (PAW). PAW provides a forum for open discussion of the challenges facing women as well as their solutions, runs a mentoring program for starting undergraduate and graduate women in physics, increases the local visibility of women in science through outreach activities, and provides networking and professional development opportunities in a friendly environment.The DeepCore extension, a sub-array comprising the seven innermost IceCube strings, augmented by eight additional strings containing sensors deployed below 2100 m in the clearest ice, has enabled the observation of atmospheric neutrinos at energies as low as 10 billion electron-volts. This award will support this group to continue to exploit the DeepCore data to answer fundamental questions of neutrino physics, including a high statistics inclusive measurement of tau neutrino appearance and, with further refinements in reconstruction and analysis techniques, measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters. They will use neutrinos from IceCube and DeepCore to facilitate real-time searches for multi-messenger astrophysical sources via the Astrophysical Multi-messenger Observatory Network.