Identifying Generation and Emission Sources for Individual Loads at Specific Locations and Times: Toward Environmentally Sensitive and Guided Electricity Usage

温室气体(GHG)排放导致的气候变化已成为人类社会最具挑战性的问题之一。在美国，2010年发电贡献了温室气体总量的40%，二氧化硫排放量的16%，氮氧化物排放量的16%，汞空气排放量的68%，以及其他污染物(如小颗粒物)的很大比例。因此，正确计算与发电、输送和消费相关的排放量至关重要。排放可以直接在发电厂进行监测和测量。然而，将与电力消耗相关的排放追溯到发电来源却被认为是“不可能的”。由于这一令人望而生畏的困难，迄今无法对发电和使用进行准确的生命周期分析，而这种分析对包括不同实体和区域的温室气体清单在内的各种产品和进程都很重要。此外，要进行明确和毫不含糊的成本和用电量分配分析以平等分享所有参与发电和输电的实体的利益和责任，也是非常具有挑战性的，甚至是不可能的。在设计和实施公共政策和工程实践时，公平的重要性怎么强调都不为过，因为电力系统相互关联，包括众多发电机，而且覆盖的面积很大。拟议的研究工作将开发适当的工具，将负荷和发电/排放源联系起来，进行有效的成本和效益分析，并帮助制定适当的电力能源和环境相关政策，由不同实体分担责任，最终维护电力行业的透明度、公平性和公正性。所开发的方法将促进用户的积极参与，并帮助用户做出明智的选择。该项目还将有助于推动电力行业的技术和劳动力发展，这对我们整个国家和未来可持续的电力能源开发和利用至关重要。这项研究的目标是开发实时识别特定地点和时间任何单个负荷的发电和排放源的“破坏性”方法。采用以下方法：(1)建立电力系统的变换式等效电路模型。提出的基于转移阻抗的系统等值模型可以表示电力系统，具有变换性，可用于其他一般电路分析；(2)基于等值模型和相量测量单位或系统状态估计数据，将开发一种“中断”方法来识别特定地点和时间的单个负荷总需求的发电量来源；(3)将开发一种新的方法，基于公开的信息来识别由于需求增量变化而导致的边际发电机组；(4)不仅将位置边际排放准确量化，而且将针对单个负荷的总排放量进行精确量化；以及(5)将制定经济/环境综合优化负荷管理，以实现对环境敏感和引导的用电。该项目的结果将为确保在制定和实施互联电力系统的公共政策和工程实践时公平和公正提供基本依据。基本的潮流跟踪技术将使成本和用电量分配分析变得清晰和明确，从而为所有参与发电和输电的实体平均分担利益和责任。此外，该项目的成果将量化客户特定的排放量，并使用户能够进行经济/环境负荷管理，以降低成本并实现一系列环境效益。

Climate change due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has become one of the most challenging issues in human society. In the U.S., electric power generation contributes about 40 % of the total GHG, 64% of SO2 emissions, 16% of NOx emissions, and 68% of mercury air emissions as well as large shares of other pollutants (such as small particulates) in 2010. It is then critically important to correctly account for emissions related to electricity generation, delivery and consumption. The emissions can be monitored and measured directly at the power plants. However, it has been called "impossible" to trace the emissions associated with electricity consumption back to generation sources. Because of this daunting difficulty, an accurate life-cycle analysis of electricity generation and usage cannot be done so far while such analysis is important to various products and processes including GHG inventories of different entities and regions. Moreover, it has also been very challenging or impossible to carry out clear and unequivocal cost and usage allocation analysis to equally share the benefit and responsibility for all entities involved in electricity generation and delivery. The importance of equity can never be overstated when designing and implementing public policy and engineering practices for interconnected power systems that include numerous generators and cover a vast area. The proposed research work will develop the right tools to link loads and generation/emission sources, to carry out effective cost and benefit analyses, and to help develop appropriate electric energy and environmental related policies to share responsibility among different entities, and ultimately maintain transparency, equity and fairness in electric power industry. The developed methods will facilitate active customer participation and help electricity users make informed choices. This project will also help advance technology and workforce development in electric power sector, which is critical to our whole nation and future sustainable electric energy development and usage.The goal of this research is to develop "disruptive" methods for real-time identification of generation and emission sources of any individual load at specific location and time. The following approach is taken: (1) A transformative, equivalent circuit model will be developed for power systems. A power system can be represented by the proposed transfer impedance based system equivalent model, which is transformative and can be used for other general circuit analyses; (2) A "disruptive" method will be developed to identify the generation sources of the total demand of individual loads at specific locations and times based on the equivalent model and phasor measurement unit or system state estimation data; (3) A novel method will be developed to identify marginal generators due to incremental demand changes based on publically available information; (4) Not only the locational marginal emissions but also the overall emissions will be accurately quantified for individual loads; and (5) An integrated economic/environmental optimal load management will be developed to achieve environmentally sensitive and guided electricity usage. The results of the project will provide the fundamental basis to ensure equity and fairness in developing and implementing public policy and engineering practices for interconnected power systems. The underlying power flow tracing technique will enable clear and unequivocal cost and usage allocation analyses to equally share the benefit and responsibility for all entities involved in electricity generation and delivery. Moreover, the outcomes of this project will quantify customer-specific emissions and enable users to perform economic/environmental load management to reduce cost and to achieve a range of environmental benefits.