Identifying Generation and Emission Sources for Individual Loads at Specific Locations and Times: Toward Environmentally Sensitive and Guided Electricity Usage

由温室气体排放引起的气候变化已成为人类社会面临的最具挑战性的问题之一。在美国，2010年，发电贡献了温室气体总量的40%、二氧化硫排放量的64%、氮氧化物排放量的16%、汞空气排放量的68%以及其他污染物（如小颗粒）的大部分。因此，正确核算与发电、输送和消费有关的排放至关重要。可以在发电厂直接监测和测量排放量。然而，将与电力消耗相关的排放追溯到发电源被称为"不可能"。由于这一艰巨的困难，迄今为止还无法对发电和用电进行准确的生命周期分析，而这种分析对各种产品和过程，包括不同实体和区域的温室气体清单都很重要。 此外，进行明确和毫不含糊的成本和用量分配分析，以便使参与发电和供电的所有实体平等分享利益和分担责任，也是非常具有挑战性或不可能的。在设计和执行包括众多发电机和覆盖广大地区的互联电力系统的公共政策和工程实践时，公平的重要性无论如何强调都不过分。拟议的研究工作将开发正确的工具来连接负荷和发电/排放源，进行有效的成本和效益分析，并帮助制定适当的电力能源和环境相关政策，以分担不同实体之间的责任，并最终保持电力行业的透明度，公平和公正。所开发的方法将促进客户的积极参与，并帮助电力用户做出明智的选择。该项目还将有助于推进电力部门的技术和劳动力发展，这对我们整个国家和未来的可持续电能开发和使用至关重要。本研究的目标是开发“破坏性”方法，用于实时识别特定位置和时间的任何单个负载的产生和排放源。本文采用以下方法：（1）建立电力系统的变换式等效电路模型。（2）提出了一种"破坏性"的方法，根据等效模型和相量测量单元或系统状态估计数据，确定特定位置和时间的单个负荷的总需求的产生源;（3）提出了一种新的方法，可以根据现有的信息来识别由于需求增量变化而产生的边际发电机：（4）不仅可以精确地量化单个负荷的位置边际排放，而且可以精确地量化单个负荷的总排放;及（5）发展综合经济/环境优化负荷管理，以达致环保及有指引的用电。该项目的成果将为确保在制定和实施互联电力系统的公共政策和工程实践方面的公平和公正提供基本依据。基本的潮流跟踪技术将使清晰和明确的成本和使用分配分析，平等地分享利益和责任，为所有实体参与发电和交付。此外，该项目的成果将量化客户特定的排放量，使用户能够执行经济/环境负荷管理，以降低成本并实现一系列环境效益。

Climate change due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has become one of the most challenging issues in human society. In the U.S., electric power generation contributes about 40 % of the total GHG, 64% of SO2 emissions, 16% of NOx emissions, and 68% of mercury air emissions as well as large shares of other pollutants (such as small particulates) in 2010. It is then critically important to correctly account for emissions related to electricity generation, delivery and consumption. The emissions can be monitored and measured directly at the power plants. However, it has been called "impossible" to trace the emissions associated with electricity consumption back to generation sources. Because of this daunting difficulty, an accurate life-cycle analysis of electricity generation and usage cannot be done so far while such analysis is important to various products and processes including GHG inventories of different entities and regions. Moreover, it has also been very challenging or impossible to carry out clear and unequivocal cost and usage allocation analysis to equally share the benefit and responsibility for all entities involved in electricity generation and delivery. The importance of equity can never be overstated when designing and implementing public policy and engineering practices for interconnected power systems that include numerous generators and cover a vast area. The proposed research work will develop the right tools to link loads and generation/emission sources, to carry out effective cost and benefit analyses, and to help develop appropriate electric energy and environmental related policies to share responsibility among different entities, and ultimately maintain transparency, equity and fairness in electric power industry. The developed methods will facilitate active customer participation and help electricity users make informed choices. This project will also help advance technology and workforce development in electric power sector, which is critical to our whole nation and future sustainable electric energy development and usage.The goal of this research is to develop "disruptive" methods for real-time identification of generation and emission sources of any individual load at specific location and time. The following approach is taken: (1) A transformative, equivalent circuit model will be developed for power systems. A power system can be represented by the proposed transfer impedance based system equivalent model, which is transformative and can be used for other general circuit analyses; (2) A "disruptive" method will be developed to identify the generation sources of the total demand of individual loads at specific locations and times based on the equivalent model and phasor measurement unit or system state estimation data; (3) A novel method will be developed to identify marginal generators due to incremental demand changes based on publically available information; (4) Not only the locational marginal emissions but also the overall emissions will be accurately quantified for individual loads; and (5) An integrated economic/environmental optimal load management will be developed to achieve environmentally sensitive and guided electricity usage. The results of the project will provide the fundamental basis to ensure equity and fairness in developing and implementing public policy and engineering practices for interconnected power systems. The underlying power flow tracing technique will enable clear and unequivocal cost and usage allocation analyses to equally share the benefit and responsibility for all entities involved in electricity generation and delivery. Moreover, the outcomes of this project will quantify customer-specific emissions and enable users to perform economic/environmental load management to reduce cost and to achieve a range of environmental benefits.