Collaborative Research: Cross-correlation of WISE quasars with the Planck CMB lensing maps: A new probe of black holes and large-scale structure

天体物理学中一个长期存在的问题是了解星系在其一生中是如何形成和发展的。这样的理解对于揭示我们的宇宙是如何进化的，并深入了解我们银河系的起源是必要的。了解星系形成和演化的一个重要方面是研究星系中心的超大质量黑洞（SMBHs）以及这些超大质量黑洞如何与它们的宿主星系联系起来。天体物理学中的另一个主要问题涉及“暗物质”的概念，这是一种未知类型的物质，据信具有万有引力的特性，但不会发出任何光（因此称为“暗”）。通过解决两个主要的天体物理学问题，该项目旨在将SMBHs与其宿主星系的暗物质结构联系起来。广域红外巡天探测器（WISE）和普朗克宇宙微波背景（CMB）卫星的全天空巡天现在已经产生了突破性的数据集，这些数据集一起用于获得宇宙结构演化的约束。WISE发现了数百万个先前“隐藏”的被遮蔽的类星体，这些快速增长的超大质量黑洞被气体和尘埃所笼罩，因此使用传统的地面光学和近红外技术无法探测到。最近，普朗克通过CMB的透镜效应绘制了迄今为止最精确的暗物质结构的全天空图。该项目将把这些数据集与地面成像和光谱学结合起来，通过将wise选择的类星体的密度场与从普朗克获得的CMB透镜收敛图相互关联，获得快速增长的黑洞与其宿主暗物质结构之间联系的独特有力的测量。此外，该项目将利用天文学，通过数量级（OOM）估计，或“费米问题”，在学生中建立解决问题的直觉。基于达特茅斯学院天文学入门课程中成功的面向对象的活动，研究人员将开发面向对象的练习，用于初中、高中和本科阶段，其中现实世界的估计问题与基于天文学概念的更抽象的问题相结合。调查人员将组织研讨会，让教师参与者学习将面向对象的活动融入他们的课堂，并帮助开发新的面向对象的练习。达特茅斯大学和怀俄明大学都位于农村地区，调查人员将重点关注资源不足的学校。透过发展物件导向法练习，并指导教师在课堂上实施，此计划有助培养学生解决问题的直觉。这些技能在将科学或数学思维应用于现实问题时特别有用，解决问题的成功将有助于为STEM学生创造热情和未来的机会。这个项目制作的练习和教师参考材料将通过网络、会议和出版物传播给更广泛的教育界，为所有感兴趣的各级教师提供资源，将物件导向法活动纳入他们的课堂。该项目将(1)利用WISE和普朗克数据首次对类星体群集偏差进行全天测量；(2)利用暗能量调查（DES）和SDSS的广域深光学成像，直接比较被遮挡和未遮挡类星体的光晕质量，并使用独立于空间群集的技术，测量这些偏差随红移的演变。该项目将使我们对黑洞及其宿主光晕的宇宙演化的理解向前迈出重要一步，并将为WISE，普朗克和即将到来的地面调查的未来研究提供有价值的工具。

A longstanding problem in astrophysics is to understand how galaxies form and develop throughout their lifetimes. Such understanding is necessary to uncover how our Universe evolved and to gain insight into the origin of our own Milky Way Galaxy. One important aspect of understanding galaxy formation and evolution is to study supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the centers of galaxies and how these SMBHs are linked to their host galaxies. Another major question in astrophysics involves the concept of "dark matter," an unidentified type of matter believed to have the properties of gravitation but not to emit any light (hence, "dark"). Thereby addressing two major astrophysical problems, this project aims to link SMBHs to the dark matter structure of their host galaxies.All-sky surveys with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) satellite have now produced groundbreaking data sets, which are used together to obtain constraints on the evolution of structure in the Universe. WISE uncovered millions of the previously "hidden" obscured quasars, rapidly growing supermassive black holes that are shrouded in gas and dust and so are not detectable using traditional ground-based optical and near-IR techniques. Recently, Planck produced the most precise all-sky map to date of dark matter structures via the lensing of the CMB. This project will combine these data sets along with ground-based imaging and spectroscopy to obtain a uniquely powerful measurement of the link between rapidly growing black holes and their host dark matter structures by cross-correlating the density field of WISE-selected quasars with the CMB lensing convergence maps obtained from Planck.In addition, this project will use astronomy to build problem-solving intuition in students through order-of-magnitude (OOM) estimation, or "Fermi Problems." Building on successful OOM activities in introductory astronomy courses at Dartmouth College, the investigators will develop OOM exercises for use at the middle, high school, and undergraduate levels, in which real-world estimation problems are combined with more abstract questions based on astronomical concepts. The investigators will organize workshops in which teacher participants learn to incorporate OOM activities in their classrooms and help develop new OOM exercises. Both Dartmouth and the University of Wyoming are located in rural areas, and the investigators will focus on under-resourced schools. By developing OOM exercises and instructing teachers in implementing them in their classrooms, this project will serve to foster students' problem-solving intuition. These skills are particularly useful when applying scientific or mathematical thinking to real-world problems, and success in problem solving will help create enthusiasm and future opportunities for students in STEM. The exercises and teacher reference materials produced by this program will be disseminated to the wider educational community via the web, conferences, and publications, providing a resource for all interested instructors at multiple levels to incorporate OOM activities into their classrooms.This project will (1) produce the first all-sky measurement of quasar clustering bias using the WISE and Planck data, and (2) directly compare the halo masses of obscured and unobscured quasars, using wide-area deep optical imaging from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and SDSS, and measure the evolution of those biases with redshift, using a technique independent of spatial clustering. This project will enable a significant step forward in our understanding of the cosmic evolution of black holes and their host halos, and will yield valuable tools for future studies with WISE, Planck, and upcoming ground-based surveys.