HCC: Small: How Do-It-Yourself Makers are Reinventing Production, Labor, and Innovation

20.信息技术生产的当代景观受到1960年代和1970年代出现的所谓“制造者文化”的深刻影响。 从Mac OS X到Android，从TiVo DVR到Linksys网络设备，从Amazon.com到Google Chrome，技术领域充满了依赖开源和类似替代生产模式的产品。 社会目前正处于一场新的创客运动中，这场运动既回到了早期的模式，也在很大程度上背离了它。 它植根于不断增长的“创客空间”网络，将Web一代的想法和实践扩展到硬件和制造业。 创客空间是一个合作工作室，人们在这里开发新的技术设计方法，这些方法基于开放共享软件代码和硬件设计，通过使用计算机控制的激光切割机，3D打印机和微控制器套件等技术。 创客空间是探索创新新模式、重新评估开放和参与价值、建立人与技术之间新关系的地方。为了理解这些现象，本项目将对四个创客空间进行人种学研究，从社会技术的角度对其进行研究。 该项目的目标是了解制造者运动中文化和物质实践之间的关系。 因此，重点是创客空间的日常实践，特别关注他们如何尝试社会组织，分布式协作和同行生产的模型。 选择了具体的研究地点，以突出关键问题。 其中两个位于美国的信息技术（IT）创新和生产中心（纽约和旧金山弗朗西斯科）;两个位于中国的商业发展新模式的关键地点（中国主要的生产中心深圳和中国创意和IT产业中心上海）。 通过民族志调查，研究DIY（Do-It-Yourself）作为一种实践，以及创客空间作为一个物理场所，如何为技术、经济和社会创新的新模式的发展做出贡献。本研究将在广泛的文化和社会政治背景下，研究同行生产、DIY和开源制作、行动中的创新模式以及IT工作的物质生产。 这种探索将帮助我们了解非专业的专业知识和技术知识的替代形式，分布式协作以及思想和文物的跨文化交流。 这项研究补充了以前发表的调查同行生产的关注社会组织和开源生产的物理站点的影响。 该项目为人机交互中出现的物质性问题提供了具体的人种学基础。更广泛的影响：作为DIY生产的场所，创客空间提供了技术生产和日常世界之间的重要接口。 与此同时，它们也可能是重新思考当代技术和商业创新过程的重要场所。 这项研究将有助于评估和理解这些可能性，支持这一领域的教育发展（如学校内的创客空间基础设施），探索小规模商业生产的替代形式，激励参与，并开发知识产权。 在一定程度上，创客空间体现了一套关于人、技术和创新周期之间关系的更广泛的文化价值观，该项目将提供经验和概念材料，以支持围绕这些问题的社会进程。 作为一种大规模的公共实践，自己动手制作提供了一个重要的论坛，将学术型和公民型的知识制作模式联系起来，并提供了向科学和技术工作是其特征一部分的社区推广的机会。

The contemporary landscape of information technology production is one that has been profoundly influenced by the emergence of so-called "maker culture" in the 1960s and 1970s. From Mac OS X to Android, from TiVo DVRs to Linksys network appliances, from Amazon.com to Google Chrome, the technology landscape is full of products that depend upon open source and similar alternative models of production. Society currently finds itself in the middle of a new maker movement that both harkens back to the earlier model and also departs from it in significant ways. It is rooted in a growing network of "makerspaces" that expands ideas and practices of the Web generation into hardware and manufacturing. Makerspaces are cooperative studios where people develop new approaches to technology design based on the open sharing of software code and hardware designs through the use of technology such as computer controlled laser cutters, 3-D printers, and microcontroller kits. Makerspaces are places where new models of innovation are explored, where values of openness and participation are re-assessed, and where new relationships between people and technology are forged.To understand these phenomena, this project will conduct ethnographic research at four makerspaces, studying them from a socio-technical perspective. The goal of the project is to understand the relationship between cultural and material practices in the maker movement. Accordingly, the focus is on the daily practices in makerspaces, with particular attention to how they experiment with models of social organization, distributed collaboration, and peer production. Specific research sites have been chosen to highlight key questions. Two are located in the United States, in centers of information technology (IT) innovation and production (New York and San Francisco); two are located in China, at key sites for the development of new models of commercial development (in Shenzhen, a major Chinese production hub, and in Shanghai, a center for the Chinese creative and IT industry). Through ethnographic investigation, the project will examine the questions of how DIY (Do-It-Yourself) making as a practice, and makerspaces as physical sites, contribute to the development of new models of technical, economic, and social innovation.Within a broad cultural and sociopolitical context, this research will study peer production, DIY and open source making, models of innovation in action, and the material production of IT work. This exploration will help us to understand non-professional expertise and alternative forms of technical knowledge, distributed collaboration, and inter-cultural exchange of ideas and artifacts. This study complements previously published investigations of peer production by focusing on the effect of physical sites on social organization and open source production. The project provides a concrete, ethnographic foundation for emerging questions of materiality in human-computer interaction.Broader Impacts: As sites of DIY production, makerspaces provide an important interface between technological production and the everyday world. At the same time, they may also represent important sites for rethinking contemporary processes of technological and commercial innovation. This research will help to assess and understand these possibilities, support educational developments in this area (such as makerspace infrastructures within schools), explore alternative forms of small-scale commercial production, incentivize participation, and develop intellectual property. To the extent that makerspaces embody a set of broader cultural values about relationships between people, technologies, and the innovation cycle, this project will provide empirical and conceptual material to support social processes around these questions. As a large-scale public practice, DIY production provides an important forum for connecting academic-based and citizen-based models of knowledge production, and the opportunity for outreach into communities in which scientific and technical work is part of their identity.