CNH-L: Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Small-Scale Fishing Communities and Coastal Marine Ecosystems to Environmental and Economic Variability

渔业是全球约 5.2 亿人的重要食物和收入来源。小型渔业尤其重要。全球约 3500 万捕捞渔民中的 90% 以上受雇于这些国家，并贡献了世界海洋和内陆鱼类捕捞量的一半以上，几乎全部用于人类直接消费。小规模渔业塑造了沿海文化、经济和生态系统。然而，人们对小规模渔业的了解却是出了名的贫乏，部分原因是它们在自己的社区和国家内常常被边缘化。随着人们越来越重视协调粮食安全和其他发展目标与环境保护，对小规模渔业的综合理解比以往任何时候都更加重要。该研究项目将发展沿海海洋系统中人类与环境相互作用的基础知识，并帮助为创新型小规模渔业管理战略的制定和评估提供信息。 具体来说，本研究将研究环境和经济变异性以及制度多样性如何影响与小规模渔业相关的自然和人类耦合系统的恢复力和适应能力。这项工作将重点关注墨西哥南下加利福尼亚州（BCS）与小规模渔业相关的生态系统和机构之间的相互作用。鉴于制度、经济和生态环境的可变性，BCS 是研究人类生态系统动态的理想模型系统。对于BCS的大多数渔民来说，获得必要的资本投入（船只、渔具等）是通过成为渔业合作社的成员身份或通过与赞助人的关系来实现的。经验证据和理论都表明，相对于以顾客-客户关系为主的渔业，以合作社为主的渔业可能有助于改善生态系统和人类福祉。但这些差异背后的机制以及它们如何促进人类和自然系统对环境和经济变化的恢复力还没有得到很好的理解，也没有经过充分的实证检验。这项工作将通过整合整个BCS各个渔业社区规模的实地调查和综合调查来解决这些差距。这项工作将产生新的社会和生态数据，包括鱼类丰度和分布信息、生态复原力和生态系统健康指标、渔民活动和社区特征信息、机构复原力指标以及个人和社区福祉指标。该项目还将创建关键的人类与环境相互作用的有针对性的动态模型，以解决人类与自然系统耦合科学、生态学、经济学和公共池资源研究中的核心问题。

Fisheries are an important source of food and income for approximately 520 million people globally. Small-scale fisheries, in particular, are incredibly important; they employ more than 90 percent of the world's approximately 35 million capture fishermen worldwide, and contribute over half of the world's marine and inland fish catch, nearly all of which is used for direct human consumption. Small-scale fisheries shape coastal cultures, economies, and ecosystems. Yet knowledge of small-scale fisheries is notoriously poor, in part because they often are marginalized within their own communities and nations. With the increasing emphasis on reconciling food security and other development aims with environmental conservation, integrated understanding of small-scale fisheries is more critical than ever. This research project will develop fundamental knowledge of human-environment interactions in coastal marine systems, and help inform the development and evaluation of innovative small-scale fisheries management strategies. Specifically, this research will examine how environmental and economic variability and institutional diversity shape the resilience and adaptive capacity of the coupled natural and human systems associated with the small-scale fisheries.This work will focus on the reciprocal interactions between the ecosystems and institutions associated with small-scale fisheries in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur (BCS). BCS is an ideal model system in which to investigate these human-ecosystem dynamics, given its variability of institutional, economic, and ecological contexts. For most fishermen in BCS, access to necessary capital inputs (boats, gear, etc.) is achieved either through membership in a fishing-cooperative or via a relationship with a patron. Both empirical evidence and theory suggest that fisheries dominated by cooperatives may contribute to improved ecosystem and human wellbeing outcomes, relative to those dominated by patron-client relationships. But the mechanisms underlying these differences and how they may contribute to resilience of human and natural systems to environmental and economic variability are not well understood, nor have they been well tested empirically. This work will address these gaps by integrating field and synthetic investigations at the scale of individual fishing communities throughout BCS. This work will generate new social and ecological data including information on fish abundances and distributions, indicators of ecological resilience and ecosystem health, information on fishermen activities and community characteristics, indicators of institutional resilience, and indicators of individual and community well-being. The project will also create targeted dynamic models of key human-environment interactions that will address core issues in coupled human-natural system science, ecology, economics, and common-pools resources studies.