Doctoral Dissertation Research: How Do Stereotypes Affect Emotion Norms and Attributions?

本论文探讨了人们是否期望和属性不同的情绪，黑人妇女，黑人男子，白色妇女，和白色男子，即使他们表现出类似的情绪，以应对相同的情况。先前的研究已经证明，某些群体的人有系统地不同的情感体验，但目前还不清楚为什么会这样。在这篇论文中，导致情绪的情况下保持不变，使用实验方法，以更好地研究人们如何可能会对相同的情况作出不同的反应，以及其他人如何可能会解释相同的情绪反应不同的种族和性别的人显示的情绪。通过这样做，我们可以更好地理解文化刻板印象在塑造人们对自己和他人的情感期望方面的作用，以及人们对这些情感规范的反应。在三个实验和一项调查中，对黑人受访者进行了过度抽样，我们测试了一个理论模型，该模型表明人们对他人情绪的解释可能会受到情绪分析者的社会特征的影响。在研究1中，我们要求黑人女性、黑人男性、白色女性和白色男性自我报告他们自己对假设情况的反应。在研究2和3中，我们向参与者展示了与研究1相同的假设情况，但要求参与者解释另一个人的反应。我们改变了情境中人的种族和性别，看看这些特征如何影响参与者解释那个人情绪的方式。最后，研究4将感知情绪的差异与感知温暖、受欢迎程度、工作表现和招聘等结果联系起来。参与者观看视频，其中求职者的种族，性别和情感表现都是实验性的。然后，他们被要求评估申请人。该项目将是非常重要的了解不同的工作组的运作和沟通，也将作为一个培训网站，为学生研究人员学习实验研究技术。

This dissertation examines whether people expect and attribute different emotions to Black women, Black men, White women, and White men even when they display similar emotions in response to the same situation. Prior research has documented that certain groups of people have systematically different emotional experiences, but it is unclear why this is the case. In this dissertation, the situation leading up to an emotion is held constant using experimental methods to better examine how people may respond differently to the same situation, and how other people may interpret the same emotional reaction differently depending on the race and gender of the person displaying the emotion. In doing so, we can better understand the role cultural stereotypes in shaping emotional expectations that people have for themselves and others as well as how people react to these emotion norms. In three experiments and one survey with an oversample of Black respondents, we test a theoretical model of how people's interpretations of others' emotions may be affected by the social characteristics of the emotion displayer. In Study 1, we ask Black women, Black men, White women, and White men for their self-reports of how they would, themselves, respond to a hypothetical situation. In Studies 2 and 3, we present participants with the same hypothetical situation as in Study 1, but ask participants to interpret the response of another person. We vary the race and gender of the person in the situation to see how these characteristics affect the way participants interpret that person's emotions. Finally, Study 4 links differences in perceived emotions to outcomes such as perceived warmth, likeability, job performance, and hiring. Participants are shown videos where the race, gender, and emotional displays of job applicants are experimentally manipulated. They are then asked to evaluate the applicants. The project will be of great importance to understanding the functioning and communication of diverse working groups and will also serve as a training site for student researchers learning experimental research techniques.