Doctoral Dissertation Research: How Do Stereotypes Affect Emotion Norms and Attributions?

本论文考察了当黑人女性、黑人男性、白人女性和白人男性在相同的情况下表现出相似的情绪时，人们是否期望并归因于他们不同的情绪。先前的研究已经证明，某些群体的人有系统地不同的情感体验，但不清楚为什么会这样。在这篇论文中，导致情绪的情境是恒定的，使用实验方法来更好地研究人们如何对相同的情境做出不同的反应，以及其他人如何根据表现情绪的人的种族和性别而对相同的情绪反应做出不同的解释。通过这样做，我们可以更好地理解文化刻板印象在塑造人们对自己和他人的情感期望方面所起的作用，以及人们对这些情感规范的反应。在对黑人受访者进行的三项实验和一项调查中，我们测试了一个理论模型，即人们对他人情绪的解释可能会受到情绪表现者的社会特征的影响。在研究1中，我们询问黑人女性、黑人男性、白人女性和白人男性关于他们自己将如何应对假设情况的自我报告。在研究2和研究3中，我们向参与者呈现与研究1相同的假设情景，但要求参与者解释另一个人的反应。我们会根据不同的人种和性别来观察这些特征如何影响参与者对这个人情绪的解读。最后，研究4将感受到的情绪差异与感受到的温暖、讨人喜欢、工作表现和招聘等结果联系起来。参与者观看了视频，在视频中，求职者的种族、性别和情绪展示被实验性地操纵。然后，他们被要求对申请者进行评估。该项目将对了解不同工作组的运作和交流非常重要，也将成为学生研究人员学习实验研究技术的培训场所。

This dissertation examines whether people expect and attribute different emotions to Black women, Black men, White women, and White men even when they display similar emotions in response to the same situation. Prior research has documented that certain groups of people have systematically different emotional experiences, but it is unclear why this is the case. In this dissertation, the situation leading up to an emotion is held constant using experimental methods to better examine how people may respond differently to the same situation, and how other people may interpret the same emotional reaction differently depending on the race and gender of the person displaying the emotion. In doing so, we can better understand the role cultural stereotypes in shaping emotional expectations that people have for themselves and others as well as how people react to these emotion norms. In three experiments and one survey with an oversample of Black respondents, we test a theoretical model of how people's interpretations of others' emotions may be affected by the social characteristics of the emotion displayer. In Study 1, we ask Black women, Black men, White women, and White men for their self-reports of how they would, themselves, respond to a hypothetical situation. In Studies 2 and 3, we present participants with the same hypothetical situation as in Study 1, but ask participants to interpret the response of another person. We vary the race and gender of the person in the situation to see how these characteristics affect the way participants interpret that person's emotions. Finally, Study 4 links differences in perceived emotions to outcomes such as perceived warmth, likeability, job performance, and hiring. Participants are shown videos where the race, gender, and emotional displays of job applicants are experimentally manipulated. They are then asked to evaluate the applicants. The project will be of great importance to understanding the functioning and communication of diverse working groups and will also serve as a training site for student researchers learning experimental research techniques.