Doctoral Dissertation Research: How Do Stereotypes Affect Emotion Norms and Attributions?

本论文考察了人们是否期望并将不同的情绪归因于黑人女性、黑人男性、白人女性和白人男性，即使他们在相同的情况下表现出相似的情绪。先前的研究已经证明，某些群体的人有系统地不同的情感体验，但目前还不清楚为什么会这样。在本文中，导致情绪的情况使用实验方法保持不变，以更好地检查人们如何对相同的情况做出不同的反应，以及其他人如何根据显示情绪的人的种族和性别来不同地解释相同的情绪反应。这样，我们就能更好地理解文化刻板印象在塑造人们对自己和他人的情感期望方面的作用，以及人们对这些情感规范的反应。在三个实验和一项抽样调查中，我们测试了一个理论模型，即人们对他人情绪的解释如何受到情绪显示者的社会特征的影响。在研究1中，我们要求黑人女性、黑人男性、白人女性和白人男性对假设情境的反应进行自我报告。在研究2和3中，我们向参与者提供了与研究1中相同的假设情况，但要求参与者解释另一个人的反应。我们在情境中改变了人的种族和性别，以观察这些特征如何影响参与者解读该人情绪的方式。最后，研究4将感知情绪的差异与感知温暖、受欢迎程度、工作表现和招聘等结果联系起来。研究人员向参与者展示了一段视频，在视频中，求职者的种族、性别和情感表现都是经过实验操纵的。然后他们被要求对申请人进行评估。该项目对于了解不同工作小组的运作和沟通非常重要，也将作为学生研究人员学习实验研究技术的培训场所。

This dissertation examines whether people expect and attribute different emotions to Black women, Black men, White women, and White men even when they display similar emotions in response to the same situation. Prior research has documented that certain groups of people have systematically different emotional experiences, but it is unclear why this is the case. In this dissertation, the situation leading up to an emotion is held constant using experimental methods to better examine how people may respond differently to the same situation, and how other people may interpret the same emotional reaction differently depending on the race and gender of the person displaying the emotion. In doing so, we can better understand the role cultural stereotypes in shaping emotional expectations that people have for themselves and others as well as how people react to these emotion norms. In three experiments and one survey with an oversample of Black respondents, we test a theoretical model of how people's interpretations of others' emotions may be affected by the social characteristics of the emotion displayer. In Study 1, we ask Black women, Black men, White women, and White men for their self-reports of how they would, themselves, respond to a hypothetical situation. In Studies 2 and 3, we present participants with the same hypothetical situation as in Study 1, but ask participants to interpret the response of another person. We vary the race and gender of the person in the situation to see how these characteristics affect the way participants interpret that person's emotions. Finally, Study 4 links differences in perceived emotions to outcomes such as perceived warmth, likeability, job performance, and hiring. Participants are shown videos where the race, gender, and emotional displays of job applicants are experimentally manipulated. They are then asked to evaluate the applicants. The project will be of great importance to understanding the functioning and communication of diverse working groups and will also serve as a training site for student researchers learning experimental research techniques.